Organization Structure Presentation Essay Example for Free

Organization Structure Presentation EssayMarketing. Terry Davenport is a senior vice-president of Starbucks who leads the selling department. He oversees the sales organization structure, the marketing structure and cross-functional project teams with their own structure, effectively affecting the organizational structure of the organization as a whole.Finance. PeterJ.Bocian as the chief financial officeholder of the company under analysis. The financial function of the firm has access to key decision makers, and the structure of the company was created to force this. For instance, in the case of Starbucks, centralization became affirm up to(p) with new accounting engine room. Human Resources. The management of Starbucks human resources affect organizational structure in a way that these resources are overseen as one large-mouthed structure that encompasses the entire firm with several smaller structures supporting the functions of recruiting, benefits and training.Operation s. As chief operating officer, Martin Coles of Starbucks adapts to the continuously evolving internal operations of the business, which impacts the organizational framework by having more structure. The operations function also helps to create and support a system of management hierarchy, authority, power and control.Partner Resources. As executive vice-president and Partner Resources head, Chet Kuchinad is able to affect organizational structure through the inclusion of organizational links connecting partners to the parent corporation that would then account for the accumulation of profits for reinvestment.Technology. ChrisBruzzo, chief technology officer, influence organizational structure through linking mechanisms that facilitate lateral relations among the organizations many units such as the ones mentioned above. Research has shown that an IT-based change leads to a single impact or shift in organizational structure an intervention occurs and a new stable structure results ( Earl, 1996).

Literature Review Train Travel Essay Example for Free

Literature Review Train Travel EssayIn order to mete out a thorough review of place work it is big to first place my own work at heart the wider context of the existing knowledge in relation to this topic. By looking at studies which have already been conducted it is possible to observe questions which remain unanswered in this field and to look critically at existing literature in order to give my personalised conceive a greater sense of purpose and to ensure that it makes significant contribution to the field. Social Construct of Train TravelA particular surface ara of pick out relating to control conk which seems interesting to me is that which is doted out by Watts (2008). In her written report she examines the cordial, imaginary and material work involved in making a journey by rail. Followe ethnographic look for consisting of quotations and photographs the author argues that rail passengers are spatially distributed when they make a journey by train.In her psychoanalysis she points out that a great deal of investigate has been conducted into the expressive style in which sentence and space are constructed in society, however few researchers have conducted a specific analysis of the items and people involved in this creation. As a result this is an vault of heaven I am keen to investigate as the way in which time and space is created is an area which invites more specific investigation and simultaneously this topic in relation to train run has had little schoolman attention. Therefore by investigating this topic I feel I would be fitting to fill a gap in existing research.A further article which builds on this notion of the social construct of travelling by rail is that of Bissell (2008). In his study he looks at some of the peregrine relationships between everyday visuality, materiality and mobility through practices of contemporary railway travel in Britain (1) The article looks primarily at the visual issues in train travel including the interior of the carriage and the landscape viewed through the window in relation to how these affect the acquaintances of time, space and location passim the journey.Such a take on train travel is something which I am very interested in and by utilise the conclusions made in this paper I would be able to add to the cannon of debate on this topic to contrast the findings of this study with those from an American perspective, to extensiveen this debate into a multi cultural arena where it may be the case that a vastly different social construct is created through train travel. This notion is super interesting to me and is one which, as it is yet to be developed from a transnational context, would thusly allow me to add to the faculty member body of knowledge on this topic.Train Travel for BusinessAlong with the social construct of train travel another area which much literature has been conducted into is train travel in relation to alleviating problems for busines ses. As train travel is much undertaken by business professionals who may need to get from two areas which are relatively far apart and are both subject to high levels of highway congestion the degree to which train travel is an effective way for businesses to get to different locations for meetings or negotiations I feel therefore is an important one.One paper which has done this in relation to the relative effectiveness of train travel versus air or road travel for businesses is that of Bhat (1995). In his paper Bhat deploys an extremely qualitative and thorough evaluation of what he terms the independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA) in order for him to be able to come to the conclusion that different approaches to this topic provoke a different set of results.As this paper had a heavy weighting on the effectiveness of specific models in investigating this topic I feel that one way in which it can be improved is to select an approach or a model from the outset, and then st ick with this throughout in order for the conclusion to be more orientated around the travel mode as opposed to the model itself. Nonetheless this paper does point out to me that the heteroscedastic model is superior to both the multinomial logit and nested logic models in the quality of results it is able to generate and therefore it will be worth me sort this in mind when I come to conduct my own research. some other paper on a similar topic to this explores the relationship between the quantify of your journey and the choice of which transportation mode you take. Conducted by Nurul Habib et al. (2009) this paper conducts a correlational analysis of these two decisions and comes to the conclusion that unobserved factors contributed to both the decision of which time to undertake your journey and which transport mode to take.Something I found particularly helpful about this paper was that it pointed out the tendency for congested peak travel periods to expand which is a phenomeno n known as peak spreading. As this paper provides empirical evidence for this notion is therefore honourableifies further investigation owing to the importance of travel between cities in todays society. Similarly, as this paper utilises a multinomial logit model, a discrete- continual econometric model and a continuous time hazard model the issues relating to the effectiveness of these models has been highlighted to me as an area I will need to conduct a further amount of research in to in order to ensure that the mode I ultimately select is effective in generating reliable results.Along with this issue of which model to apply to my research a study by Kroes and Sheldon (1988) point out another issue I should be aware of when conducting research into train travel. In their article they conduct a review of the stated preference method in the transport sector by another of other academics and assess the value of using this method in comparison to other similar methods to assessing why people have selected the particular mode of transport.As this article covers a range of other train transport related studies it therefore is useful in assessing the literature in this field as a whole as it has a rather broad scope. By looking at the individual studies and the successful and unsuccessful elements of them I am therefore able to select a method which suits my particular study most aptly and as a result conduct a thorough and exhaustive investigation into my chosen area of train travel.Travel fourth dimensionKey names in the field of rail travel include Laura Watts and David Bissell. Something which they have both written about is the notion of travel time in relation to passenger experience. In a study by Watts and Urry (2008) the authors attempt to provide evidence to dispel the myth that time spent travelling is pointless and dead. In order to encourage funding into travel projects the authors propose that rather that attempting to minimise travel time, by li nking the notion of travelling with activities and fantasies they therefore suggest that the perception that travel time is wasted is therefore incorrect.Through looking at activities such as engaging with other passengers, accessing wireless networks, views out the window and using items you have packed in your bag they therefore provide evidence which ultimately represent travel time as a useful macrocosm of time where practical and fantasy activities can be indulged, thus encouraging investment into travel projects and infrastructures. I find this research particularly useful as it has called for a revaluation of previously taken for granted attitudes towards travelling by train.By looking at the topic more broadly and dispelling common misconceptions the authors are able to create an article which both covers brand new ground and gives attention to an under investigated issue. The theoretical approach they establish therefore is something I proclivity to build upon in my own s tudy as the issue is so recent it therefore is yet to have any support or unfavorable judgment surrounding it.A further study by Bissell also investigates this topic however from a different perspective. Bissell (2010) looks at the notion of community and atmosphere within a train carriage. He notes something which I find interesting, that there is a certain atmosphere within a train carriage which has a virile effect on the traveller in terms of a reticent passivity which contradicts a set of forces which work when travelling by train which tip an individual to act.As far as I am aware this societal approach to the atmosphere on a train carriage has solitary(prenominal) been conducted in relation to psychology and obedience before and therefore it is very interesting that Bissell has looked at it within the field of transport. Whilst I feel that this study is extremely relevant and is something a great number of people may be able to relate to some criticism I have is that the notion he is describing is extremely intangible and whilst he does provide extensive primary research as evidence the atmosphere is difficult to pin and down and evaluate scientifically.Another study on this topic is that of Ole (2009). This study looks at the idea of mobility in urban areas. The author describes the tendency for modern cities to be represented not just by their static venues but also by their transit spaces and argues that there should be a re configuration of the way in which identities of place are conceptualised and that transit spaces ought to become a location for meaningful interaction and pleasure. As with the Watt and Urry article this paper calls for a revaluation of the attitudes towards train travel and therefore provides a useful framework which forms a base upon which it would be possible to build upon and expand in my own study.ConclusionThroughout my literature study I have been able to identify the key theorists in the field of train travel and high light some potent and relevant issues in this area of study. By looking critically at research which has already been conducted I am now able to ensure that my own study brings new ideas into academic discourse and that my investigation does not cover ground already subject to analysis. The gaps I have noted and other observations made throughout the body of my text therefore now place me in an ideal position to be able to come to a conclusion based on relevant research which will be will informed and critical in its scope.Works CitedBissell, David. Visualising everyday geographies practices of vision through travel-time Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 34 (2008) 42- 60BissellDavid. Passenger mobilities affective atmospheres and the sociality of public transport. Environment and Planning D Society and Space 28 (2010) 270- 89Bhat, Chandra. A heteroscedastic extreme value model of intercity travel mode choice. Transportation explore Part B Methodological 29 (1995) 471- 83Kroes, Eric P. and Sheldon, Robert J., Stated Preference Methods An Introduction. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy 22 (1988), 11- 25Nurul Habib, Khandker, Day, Nicholas, and Miller, Eric. An investigation of commuting trip timing and mode choice in the Greater Toronto Area Application of a joint discrete-continuous model. Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice 43 (2009) 639- 53Ole, Jensen B. Flows of Meaning, Cultures of Movements Urban Mobility as Meaningful Everyday Life Practice. Mobilities 4 (2009) 139-58Watts, Laura. The art and craft of train travel. Social and Cultural Geography 9 (2008) 711- 26WattsLaura and UrryJohn. Moving methods, travelling times. Environment and Planning

The History Of The Waterfall Model Information Technology Essay

The History Of The Waterfall Model Information Technology actThe waterfall model, documented in 1970 by Royce was the first public documented life cycle model. The waterfall model is a popular version of the schemes culture life cycle model for softw ar engineering. The waterfall model describes a development method that is linear and sequential. Waterfall development has distinct goals for each level of development.Because the life cycle steps are described in very general terms, the models are adaptable and their implementation details will vary among contrary organizations. The spiral model is the most general. There is various software development approaches defined and designed which are used during development process of software, these approaches are overly referred as Software Development plow Models. Each process model follows a particular life cycle in order to ensure triumph in process of software development.One such process used in Software Development is The Wa terfall Model. Waterfall model was first Process Model to be introduced and followed widely in Software Engineering to ensure success of the project. In The Waterfall model, the whole process of software development is shared out into separate process manakins. The phases in Waterfall model are Requirement Specifications phase, Software Design, Implementation and Testing Maintenance. All these phases are cascaded to each other so that second phase is started as and when defined set of goals are achieved for first phase and it is signed off, so the name Waterfall Model.The real flow of waterfall modelThe layers of The Waterfall Model areRequirement Analysis DefinitionRequirements are set of functionalities and constraints that the end-user (who will be using the system) expects from the system. The requirements are gathered from the end-user by consultation, these requirements are analyzed for their validity and the possibility of incorporating the requirements in the system to be development is also studied. Finally, a Requirement Specification document is bring into beingd which serves the purpose of guidepost for the next phase of the model. organisation Software DesignBefore a starting for actual coding, it is highly important to understand what we are going to create and what it should look like? The requirement specifications from first phase are studied in this phase and system design is prepared. System Design helps in specifying hardware and system requirements and also helps in defining overall system architecture. The system design specifications serve as input for the next phase of the model.Implementation unit of measurement TestingOn receiving system design documents, the work is divided in modules/units and actual coding is started. The system is first developed in small programs called units, which are integrated in the next phase. Each unit is developed and tested for its functionality this is referred to as Unit Testing. Unit testin g mainly verifies if the modules/units meet their specifications.Integration System TestingAs specified above, the system is first divided in units which are developed and tested for their functionalities. These units are integrated into a complete system during Integration phase and tested to check if all modules/units coordinate between each other and the system as a whole behaves as per the specifications. afterward successfully testing the software, it is delivered to the customer.Operations MaintenanceThis phase of The Waterfall Model is virtually never ending phase (Very long). Generally, problems with the system developed (which are non found during the development life cycle) come up after its practical use starts, so the issues related to the system are solved after deployment of the system. not all the problems come in picture directly but they arise time to time and needs to be solved hence this process is referred as Maintenance.There are some advantages of the Water fall Model.The advantage of waterfall development is that it allows for departmentalization and managerial control.A schedule can be set with deadlines for each stage of development and a product can proceed through the development process like a car in a carwash, and theoretically, be delivered on time.Development moves from concept, through design, implementation, testing, installation, troubleshooting, and ends up at operation and maintenance.There are some disadvantages of the Waterfall Model.As it is very important to gather all realizable requirements during the requirement gathering and analysis phase in order to properly design the system, not all requirements are received at once, the requirements from customer goes on getting added to the list even after the end of Requirement Gathering and Analysis phase, this affects the system development process and its success in negative aspects.The problems with sensation phase are never solved completely during that phase and in fact many problems regarding a particular phase arise after the phase is signed off, these results in badly structured system as not all the problems (related to a phase) are solved during the same phase.The project is not partitioned in phases in flexible way.As the requirements of the customer goes on getting added to the list, not all the requirements are fulfilled, this results in development of almost unusable system. These requirements are therefore met in newer version of the system this increases the cost of system development.

Environmentally Friendly Concrete Alternative

environmentally Friendly Concrete AlternativeThroughout history, the pulmonary tuberculosis of cover as a twist material has contributed significantly to the reinforced environment. Enduring examples of various forms of cover can be open as far back as the early Egyptian civilisation. Significant building remnants dormant exist from the Roman civilization, which used concretes made from naturally occurring volcanic ash tree pozzolans, mixed with urine, sand and st one. Now concrete is being used in the plait of durable bridges, roads, water supply, hospitals, churches, houses and commercial buildings, to give people a social foundation, a thriving economy, and serviceable facilities for many years. In the modern era, the properties of concrete were straight in the late 1800s, with the introduction of a patented manufacturing process for portland cementumumum. While it has ancient roots, concrete, as we know it today, is a modern and highly advanced building material. In the last 150 years, concrete has become one of the most widely used building materials on earth.Problem StatementConcrete is one of the most widely used construction materials in the world. However, the intersection of portland cement, an essential material in concrete, leads to the release of significant amount of CO2, a greenhouse gas. 1 ton of portland cement clinker takings is said to creates approximately one ton of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. environmental issues are playing an great role in the sustainable directment of the cement and concrete constancy. For example, if we run out of limestone, as it is predicted to happen in some places, then we cannot produce portland cement and, therefore, we cannot produce concrete and all the employment associated with the concrete industry goes out-of-business. A sustainable concrete structure is one that is constructed so that the total environmental have-to doe with during its entire life cycle is minimal. Concrete is a sustai nable material because it has a precise low inherent zip fastener requirement and is produced to order as needed with very little waste. It is made from some of the most plentiful resources on earth and has a very high thermal mass. It can be made with recycled materials and is completely recyclable. Sustainable design and construction of structures have a small impact on the environment. Use of green materials embodies low energy exists. Their use must have high posture and low nutrition leading to sustainable construction materials. High performance cements and concrete can flinch the amount of cementitious materials and total volume of concrete required. Concrete must keep evolving to satisfy the change magnitude demands of all its users. Reuse of post-consumer wastes and industrial byproducts in concrete is required to produce even greener concrete. Greener concrete overly im plants air quality, minimizes solid wastes, and leads to sustainable cement and concrete indust ry.What is Sustainable Concrete?Concrete is a very environmentally kind material. Concrete has been used for over 2,000 years. Concrete is best known for its long-lasting and dependable nature. However, additional ways that concrete contributes to social progress, economic growth, and environmental protection are often overlooked. Concrete structures are superior in energy performance. They provide flexibility in design as well as affordability, and are environmentally more responsible than steel or aluminum structures.Entire geographical regions are running out of limestone resource to produce cement. major(ip) metropolitan areas are running out of sources of aggregates for making concrete. Sustainability requires that engineers consider a buildings lifecycle cost extended over the useful lifetime. This includes the building construction, maintenance, demolition, and recycling ACI 2004.A sustainable concrete structure is one that is constructed so that the total societal impact du ring its entire life cycle, including during its use, is minimal. Designing for sustainability means accounting in the design and also the short-term and long-term consequences of the societal impact. Therefore, durability is the key issue. New generation of admixtures/additives are needed to improve durability. To build in a sustainable appearance and conduct scheduled appropriate building maintenance are the keys that represent the new construction ideology of this generation. In particular, to build in a sustainable manner means to focus attention on physical, environmental, and technological resources, problems related to human health, energy conservation of new and existing buildings, and control of construction technologies and methods.Environmental Issues with ConcreteThe employment of portland cement releases CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere. Total CO2 discharges worldwide were 21 billion tons in 2002, Table 1.Environmental issues associated with the CO2 ventings from the production of portland cement, energy demand (six-million BTU of energy needed per ton of cement production), resource conservation consideration, and economic impact due to the high cost of portland cement manufacturing plants demand that supplementary cementing materials in general and fell ash in particular be used in increasing quantities to replace portland cement in concrete Malhotra 1997, 2004. Fly ash is a by-product of the combustion of pulverized burn in thermal power plants. The dust collection organization removes the fly ash, as a fine particulate residue from the combustion gases before they are discharged in the atmosphere. For each ton of portland cement clinker, 3 to 20 lbs. of NOx are released into the atmosphere. In 2000, the worldwide cement clinker production was approximately 1.6 billion tons Malhotra 2004. Longer lasting concrete structures decrease energy needs for maintenance and reconstruction. Concrete is a locally available material therefore, transportation cost to the project site is reduced. Light colored concrete walls reduce interior lighting requirements. Permeable concrete pavement and interlocking concrete pavers can be used to reduce runoff and allow water to return to the water table. Therefore, concrete is, in many ways, environmentally friendly material. As good engineers, we must use more of it Malhotra 2004. In view of the energy and greenhouse gas emission concerns in the manufacturing of Portland cement, it is imperative that either new environmentally friendly cement-manufacturing technologies be developed or substitute materials be found to replace a major part of the portland cement for use in the concrete industry Malhotra 2004.Energy consumption is the biggest environmental concern with cement and concrete production. Cement production is one of the most energy intensive of all industrial manufacturing processes. Including direct fuel use for mining and transporting raw materials, cement production takes about six million BTUs for every ton of cement. The industrys heavy reliance on coal leads to especially high emission levels of CO2, nitrous oxide, and sulphur, among other pollutants. A sizeable portion of the electricity used is also generated from coal.What types of materials are being used to make sustainable concrete?Coal combustion products (CCPs)It is meaning(a) to develop recycling technology for high-volume applications of coal combustion products (CCPs) generated by using both conventional and clean-coal technologies. Many different types of CCPs are produced for example, fly ash, bottom ash, cyclone-boiler slag, and clean coal ash. In general some of these CCPs can be used as a supplementary cementitious materials and the use of portland cement, therefore, can be reduced. The production of CCPs in ground forces is about 120 million tons per year in 2004. Cyclone-boiler slag is 100% recycled. Overall recycling rate of all CCPs is about 40%.Todays use of other pozzolans, such as rice-husk ash, wood ash, GGBFS, silica fume, and other similar pozzolanic materials such as volcanic ash, natural pozzolans, diatomite (diatomaceous earth), calcined clay/shale, metakaolin, very fine clean-coal ash (microash), limestone powder, and fine glass can reduce the use of make portland cement, and make concrete more durable, as well as reduce GHG emissions. Chemical composition of ASTM Type I portland cement and selected pozzolans is given in Table 2.Recycled- Aggregate ConcreteRecycled-aggregate concrete (RAC) for structural use can be prepared by completely substituting natural aggregate, in order to achieve the same strength folk as the reference concrete, manufactured by using only natural aggregates. This is obviously a frustration, since a large stream of recycled aggregates to allow for full substitution of natural aggregates is not available. However, it is useful to prove that to manufacture structural concrete by partly substitut ing natural with recycled aggregates by up to fifty percent is indeed feasible. In any case, if the word sense of a very low water to cement ratio implies unsustainably high amounts of cement in the concrete mixture, recycled-aggregate concrete may also be manufactured by using a water-reducing admixture in order to lower both water and cement dosage, or even by adding fly ash as a partial fine aggregate replacement and by using a super plasticizer to achieve the required workability.High-volume fly ash recycled aggregate concrete (HVFA-RAC) can be manufactured with a water to cement ratio of 0.60, by simultaneously adding to the mixture as much fly ash as cement, and substituting the fine aggregate fraction. Thus, water to cementitious material ratio of 0.30 is obtained enabling the concrete to reach the required strength clear (Table 3). This procedure is essential for designing an environmentally-friendly concrete. All the concretes can be prepared maintaining the same fluid con sistency by proper addition of an appropriate class of a super plasticizer.SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE SOLUTIONSConcrete is a strong, durable, low environmental impact, building material. It is the cornerstone for building construction and infrastructure that can bewilder future generations on the road towards a sustainable future Cement Association of Canada 2004. Benefits of concrete construction are many, for example Cement Association of Canada 2004 concrete buildings reduce maintenance and energy use concrete highways reduce fuel consumed by heavily loaded trucks insulating concrete homes reduce energy usage by 40% or more fly ash, cement kiln dust, or cement-based solidification/stabilization and in-situ treatment of waste for brownfield redevelopment and, agriculture waste containment reduces odor and prevents groundwater contamination. The concrete industry must show leadership and resolve, and make contribution to the sustainable development of the industry in the 21 century by adopting new technologies to reduce emission of the greenhousegases, and thus contribute towards meeting the goals and objectives set at the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The manufacturing of portland cement is one such industry Malhotra 2004.PORTLAND CEMENTPortland cement is not environmentally very friendly material. As good engineers, we must reduce its use in concrete Malhotra 2004 and, we must use more mingle cements, especially with chemical admixtures. Clinker production is the most energy-intensive stage in cement production, accounting for over 90% of total energy use, and virtually all of the fuel use.Processing of raw materials in large kilns produces portland cement clinker. These kiln systems evaporate the inherent water in the raw materials blended to manufacture the clinker, calcine the carbonate constituents (calcinations), and form cement minerals (clinkerization) Worrell Galtisky 2004.Blended cementsThe production of blended cements involves the intergrinding of clinke r with one or more additives e.g., fly ash,bnb granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume, volcanic ash, in various proportions. The use of blended cements is a particularly attractive efficiency option since the intergrinding of clinker with other additives not only allows for a reduction in the energy used (and reduced GHG emissions) in clinker production, but also directly corresponds to a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions in calcinations as well. Blended cement has been used for many decades rough the world Worrell Galtisky 2004.Concrete and the use of blended cementsAlthough it is most common to make use of supplementary cementing materials (SCM) in the replacement of cement in the concrete mixture, blended cement is produced at the grinding stage of cement production where fly ash, blast furnace slag, or silica fume are added to the cement itself. The advantages include spread out production capacity, reduced CO2 emissions, reduced fuel consumption and close monitoring of the quality of SCMs Cement Association of Canada 2004. Kyoto Protocol (UN Pact of 1997, requires to reduce GHGs, including CO2). It is now ratified. USA has not ratified it. The Russian Government approval allowed it to come into force worldwide. By 2012, emissions must be cut below 1990 levels (in Japan by 6.0 + 7.6 = 13.6% by 2012) The Daily Yomiuri 2004. In Japan (Per) household5,000 yen green tax per year is planned (starting April 2005). This includes 3,600 yen in tax per ton of carbon. The revenue would be used to implement policies to achieve the requirements of Kyoto Protocol. A survey released (on Oct. 21, 2004) showed that 61% of those polled are in favor of the environmental tax. The Japan Times 2004. Rate of CO2 emission and global warming is shown in Figure 1. In last 2 yrs. CO2 has increased at a higher rate than expected Corinaldesi Moriconi 2004b. foundry by-productsFoundry by-products include foundry sand, core butts, abrasives, and cupola slag. Cores are used i n making desired cavity/shapes in a sand mold in which molten metal is cast/poured. Cores are primarily composed of silica sand with small percentages of either organic or inorganic binders.ConclusionsThe most important conclusion drawn appears to be that the compressive strength of the recycled aggregate concrete can be improved to equal or even exceed that of natural-aggregate concrete by adding fly ash to the mixture as a fine aggregate replacement. In this way, a given strength class value, as required for a wide range of common uses, can be reached through both natural-aggregate concrete and recycled-aggregate concrete with fly ash, by adequately decreasing the water to cement ratio with the aid of a superplasticizer in order to maintain the workability.Concrete manufactured by using recycled aggregate and fly ash shows no pestilential effect on the durability of reinforced concrete, with some improvement for some cases. From an economical point of view, if only the traditiona l costs are taken into account, recycledaggregate concrete with fly ash could be less attractive than natural-aggregate concrete. However, if the eco-balanced costs are considered, the exact opposite would be valid. Moreover, the fine fraction with particle size up to 5 mm, when reused as aggregate for mortars, allowed excellent bond strengths between mortar and bricks, in spite of a lower mechanical performance of the mortar itself. in addition the masonry rubble can be profitably treated and reused for preparing mortars. Even for the fine fraction produced during the recycling process, that is the concrete-rubble powder, an excellent reuse was found, as filler in self-compacting concrete. The try on to improve the quality of the recycled aggregates for new concretes by reusing in different ways the most detrimental fractions, i.e., the material coming from masonry rubble and the finest recycled materials, allowed to achieve surprising and unprovided for(predicate) performances for mortars and selfcompacting concretes. Other industrial wastes, such as GRP waste powder, can prove useful to be re-used in cementitious products, by improving some durability aspects.The concrete industry will be called upon to serve the two pressing needs of human society namely, protection of the environment and meeting the infrastructural requirement for increasing industrialization and urbanization of the world. Also due to large size, the concrete industry is unquestionably the ideal medium for the economic and safe use of millions of tons of industrial byproducts such as fly ash and slag due to their highly pozzolanic and cementitious properties. It is obvious that large-scale cement replacement (60 70 %) in concrete with these industrial by-products will be advantageous from the standpoint of cost economy, energy efficiency, durability, and overall ecological profile of concrete. Therefore, in the future, the use of by-product supplementary cementing materials ought to b e made mandatory Malhotra 2004.

Observations Of An Early Years Child Young People Essay

Observations Of An Early Years Child Young batch EssayIn my leaven I subscribe aimed for the reader to achieve an under(a)standing of what might appear to be some challenges facing early year practitioners working with birth third years in and out of home c atomic number 18. I undertook triad visits to an eight-week-old baby See Appendix 1 regarding background information. I completed three notification sheets that demonstrate my interaction with a child of that age.Before I started my observations I was aware of what experiences could be valuable to . Due to his young age I knew his chat skills would consist of smiling, eye contact and crying. I was alike aware he would be completely dependent on full- rise upns to support his physical and emotional needs. I also considered Piaget schemes of thought as he believed childrens outline of thoughts are apparent from babyhood in their early physical and sensory actions.During my time observing I was always in his home environm ent. I began to consider what challenges working with this age group could be in an early years backdrop. Current ratios in child care settings are one adult to three babies aged six weeks two years. Children aged two three years have the ratio of one adult to five children. These ratios are set by the conditions made by Care Commission when inspecting premises for the first time before it opens. This shows the level of interaction leave alone be limited compared to a 11 ratio that a child ass receive at home. The quality of the interaction whitethorn be limited in a setting depending on the individual personality. This is where it is outstanding for the practitioners to be aware of Getting it right for every child, (2007). This gives the practitioner the opportunity to prospect at a childs best outcomes for their well being regardless of their background or individual needs.In appendix B3, column 3 I imitated s sounds and expressions. I picked up on his cue and copied it. Th is is in-line with Trevarthen, (1977255) Play leading to a structured game and laughter, develops hand in hand with primary intersubjectivity.fundamental interaction starts very early. Pre-verbal communication is the beginning of child language skills. Schaffer (1996) engaged together using a variety of dialogue between making sounds, movement dissemble and a variety of facial expressions. Children testament also mirror what they are shown. Murray and Andrew, (200052) The parents mirroring is a way of conveying their acceptance of the baby and it arse both digest and enrich the babys experiences. In appendix B2, column 3 mirrored his mums face signals.A babys stress level needs to be considered as Lyon et al (2000) suggested a high level of control could affect later emotional life for that child. This result affect their well-being. In my observation I was aware of the grandeur not to stress baby and to follow his rule. This is evident in B1, column 2 and B2, column 2. tall y to Balbernie, (2001) Relationships are essential to the babys health and well-being, and determine their future potential and life chances. This was important for me to understand as I engaged with baby . As a practitioner relationships with children under three years play an important role in the childs future outcomes.Challenges for a child being at home may be that they live ut roughly away from other children and not have any siblings. Also parents are spending more time away from home due to work commitments. Dryden, (2005) feels practitioners will need to be vigilant of a child who may not be used to sharing or new/loud noises. The child may also not be used to sharing the significant adult.The setting has to be a high learning environment for children up to three years. Adults have a responsibility to have a knowledge and understanding of child victimisation. Adults do have an influence in a childs development. As families may also ask for advice, a practitioner needs to be able to support them or have an understanding when they need to examine further advice from another source. These are all aspects that Dryden (2005) considers to be important. Working in partnership with parents sharing information and involving them in their childs continuous learning and development. This is stated in The Early Years bum Stage, point 1.27.According to Frobel, Montessori and Steiner each stage of a childs development is important and requires sensitive and appropriate handling. They believed in looking at a childs achievement earlier than what a child struggles to do. However as I was working with a child of a young age I was aware of his brain cells forming rapidly. According to Dowling, (2010) A young brain grows rapidly through sensory experiences, touch, taste, touch hearing, seeing and smell. I felt with the experiences B1-B3 I contributed to s learning whilst keeping his routine in place.Different models can be used to consider a childs development. T he checklist model is where a practitioner can see what a child can or cannot achieve. The medical model is whereby seen if a child is healthy. Another model is the deficit model. This is where an adult will lead activities in order to test whether a child has acquired knowledge or developed a skill. The Early Years Foundation Stage has a profile scale booklet, which practitioners may use to avail them with their observations and assessment of a childs development.Bowlbys (1969) theory points out babies and young children can become close to a small number of adults. Babies are also born to seek secure attachments they need comfort and have physical and emotional needs. A child who has a secure attachment may struggle to settle into a nursery setting if not offered opportunities to mix with other adults and children. Bowlbys (1998) work demonstrates a child in out-of-home setting will look for another adult to be their significant identify person. A practitioner will need to be aw are a child may feel vulnerable at arriver time, changes within the playroom and other adults in the room.Dryden, (2005) expresses the importance of a practitioner working with the child and family to develop a close professional relationship. The child will see the family involvement with their key worker and this will enable the child to form a secure attachment to the key worker/practitioner. Whalley and the Pen thou Centre Team, (1997) also believe practitioners and parents should share information about the childs play behaviour at home and within the setting. This will help to provide a good understanding of the benefits to the child and to enable a close relationship to support their play. A challenge to this would be if parents were unwilling to work alongside the setting and with staff.In Early Years Foundation Stage commandment 1.4 one of the themes emphasises that every child is unique and has the ability to learn and develop in a confident manner. This will allow prac titioners to understand the importance of being in tune with children and this can be done through knowledge of child development and observations. Recording of information is also important for sharing information. This is outlined in the Pre-Birth to Three guidance.The Pre-Birth to Three, Positive Outcomes for Scottish Children and Families document is the national guidance for practitioners working with children under the age of three and for other adults who are involved with children. It is also to make a smoother transition before children begin to engage with the Curriculum For Excellence. People may challenge if children need a curriculum for such an early age. Dryden, (2005) believes an early years curriculum must be examined to consider the experiences that are of most relevance to very young children. Dryden stresses that a curriculum at the age of under three is not appropriate. Researchers Gopnik, Meltzoff and Kuhl (1999) believed babies learn through experience. A prac titioner can offer experiences and opportunities in the early years to expand their learning whilst using a curriculum for guidance. Pre-Birth to Three guidance states Supporting and providing appropriate challenges for babies and young children is key to achieving positive outcomes in the future.A curriculum for the children under three according to Manning-Morton and Thorp, (2001) should be about focusing on what children can do either with or without support and not what they should be doing at a certain age.Childrens experiences under three years is the foundation of their future. Children need positive relationships, interaction and opportunities to learn to grow to their full potential. Partnerships with parents and agencies offer a community of support to the individual. The role of the adult is vital to the child learning whether it be in the home or a play setting. When planning to meet with baby I communicated well with his mother via the phone and by showing her the infor mation regarding my work at university. This too is important in a setting. This is in-line with the Pre-Birth to Three guidance developing effective communication systems. To meet all the children needs, practitioners will face difficulties in large settings. Practitioners should consider Bruce (1987) Principle 7 What babies and young children can rather than cannot do is the starting point of the childs play, learning and education. Time will also play an important factor in a practitioners ability to meet the needs of children, especially under three years, as they are all individuals and have particular routines.

Everest :: Essays Papers

EverestMount Everest, the worlds highest point at 29,035 feet, is a special trophy among high altitude mountaineers. Standing atop the worlds highest point a hypoxic climber clad in a light down suit is above everything else on the planet, for a moment that individual empennage reach farther into the sky than any other. Arms raised in a victorious salute, a climber feels like they have conquered something that few others ever have, and justifiably so. The summit is usually the final fruition of months, sometimes days of planning, weeks of travel and acclimatization, and days of endless plodding at a feeble, learning-to-walk pace.Climbers who have devoted years to the sport may never have a mishap at Everest, yet it seems that those with the monetary means can get to the top, not through years of preparing, but by the simple addition of a feeling to a check. Those without the fellowship somehow make up for their lack of skills by paying others to cover their shortcomings, in preparing everything from travel and logistics, to providing gear, food, accommodations, and a support team. The clients of guided trips can go so far as to have a mountain professional literally lead the way, every step, to the top.A major problem with the amateurs on Everest is the inherent need for a guide to the summit. In a high altitude alpine setting one persons skills or experience should not be used as coverage for a lack in anothers. Being literally led by hand along a lofty snow-ridge, towards the summit, and then back down again, is no way to climb, descend or spend any amount of time on a mountain. Guiding, although a monetarily lucrative business, and possibly fine at lower altitudes, is not responsible in a high altitude mountaineering setting.In a May 23rd, 1996 Outside Magazine online chat with Jon Krakauer, a client on a guided expedition and the to-be author of Into Thin Air, an account of the 1996 Everest disaster, expressed his feelings slightly guiding on Everest. He agreed with a contributor that guides on Everest are bound to their clients and actually are paid to take care of them. He also contributed that, although he was an extremely accomplished climber, he would never consider guiding, if only for the fact that he wouldnt want (his) life to be unconquerable by some guy tripping over his crampons and pulling (him) off (the mountain).

Future of Signals Analysis :: essays research papers

FUTURE OF SIGNALS ANALYSISProtocols for transferring information, information, or any other signals communication create dramatically changed. Breakthrough technology has changed the way signals argon transmitted, collected, analyzed and distributed. Technology has exceeded well beyond first generation robust computers to third and forth generation supercomputers that are small enough to fit in a persons shirt pocket. Signals analysts are expected to engage and explore the realms of the unknown and conquer it with decisive and accurate analysis. The future holds an extremely dispute problem for signals analysis. The conglomerate of highly skilled analysts is extremely small which poses a problem because as the global market gets larger, skilled signal analysts have a difficult time keeping pace. The Internet has long surpassed its expectations and survivability by at least three folds since the time of its creation. The Internet has provided the ability to process large quantities of data from anywhere in the domain of a function with corresponding communication bandwidth with a few simple mouse clicks. The Internet appears to be a conduit for up to 95% of the worlds communication transmissions. A sound out of the art desktop computer with Internet access is universally available to millions of anonymous individuals at affordable rates. intellectual individuals constantly cover their footprints while pinging specific websites and e-mail addresses to avoid detection from the United States Intelligence Community.Cryptology applications are becoming extremely advanced and more(prenominal) than difficult to distinguish. Scientists and mathematicians are spending years developing indestructible encrypted codes, while also trying to decipher codes. Data is sometimes transmitted in such(prenominal) an unpredictable manner that analysts have difficulty understanding the chaotic system. Cryptology has proved its effectiveness through two World Wars. Combining le gacy with state of the art technology has the potential to create an awesome defense. Less than % of people will send crucial data or information through unguaranteed communications. Knowing the severity of decoding encrypted messages, signal analysts must remain aware of new trends and occurring patterns to make successful calls about intelligence. AT&T and MCI telecommunication companies have laid enough fiber optic cables to reach the sun and back to the earth at least three times. There are many more smaller private and commercial companies that have also laid cable throughout the world. The advantage of fiber optic cables is that they do not emit outer signals while transmitting. There are over 200 fibers within the cable, which can transmit data or information.