Confucianism Essay -- essays research papers

ConfucianismConfucianism is an East Asian philosophy built up by a Chinese philosopher, Confucius (Kung Fu-tzu), in the 6th - 5th deoxycytidine monophosphate BCE. Its a philosophy based on human morals and relationships.To really understand Confucianism, how it originated and what parts of history contri entirelyed towards its development, you have to look into who is Confucius, the history of Confucianism and what happened to Confucianism by and by the death of Confucius?Who is Confucius?Confucius was of noble descent in the state of Lu (modern Shantung). No records show him attending school even though Confucius was a well better man. He had to make his own living at an early age. He started a political career at a young age, rising in the ranks, but fell faster than what he rose. His main goal in politics was to restore humanity and to convince various nobles to follow a plastered guideline, but after he was dismissed from government, he never returned to public life. By the age of 20, Confucius decided to become a teacher, to try to change the homo through what he teachers. He had a pattern of mentation that inspired many race, no matter what religion they were, most of East Asia and their way of thinking had Confucian elements in them. His policy was "accept anyone as a disciple provided that the student is willing to learn." But the violent leaders at the time, paid no attention to any of his philosophies. Confucius was one of the first and few philosophers to leave a collection of writings behind as a source for all people (like the Bible for Catholics).History of ConfucianismConfucius lived from 551BCE to 479BCE, during the Chou Dynasty, where in fact imperial rule was breaking down. High principled men originally founded then ran the Chou Dynasty, but by Confucius time, China was going through a very difficult period where conflicts and attacks had controlled the dynasty, while usurpers took over land, this dynasty was corrupt. This per iod of political turmoil (770BCE-221BCE) started a youthful era of a "hundred schools" where teachers, such as Confucius, would move from state to state teaching their other people about their ideas and morals. This was also the time though, where prisoners were repose to death in mass executions, soldiers were paid when they presented the severed heads of the enemy, whole populations that were captured were beheaded a... ... as if his life was a disappointment and a failure, but this is proven to non be true because his disciples thought he was great enough to create the book Mencius which is like the Analects.Neo-ConfucianismIn the East Asian countries, Confucianism was in a contestation with Buddhism and Taoism. After the death of Mencius, Confucianism reemerged into a unseasoned form now called Neo-Confucianism, which is an interpretation of Confucian thought (mainly that of Mencius) that also addressed the issues of Buddhism and Taoism. So until the early 20th Cen tury, this new philosophical force in Chinese life remained.Confucianism started off as a one man show, trying to make a difference in politics and in general, teaching people about morals and good human conduct. As history progressed, through changes of dynasties and diametrical emperors, many new and different feelings about Confucianism emerged. But Confucius never changed what he believed in, no matter how many times his beliefs were rejected. He fought for what he new was right, and in the end didnt bring home the bacon what he wanted to. But to everyone else, he was a brave man, a man who never gave up and a man whose legend is worth remembering.

State of War :: essays research papers

Our Current pass on Of WarA State of War is a period when two nations, parties, or even individuals are in open and armed conflict with each other. But how does this come about, and how would John Locke and President George W. pubic hair feel about how it is that a suppose of war originates? What actions moldiness take place for war to exist? Is there a period of time that essential be spent deliberating the possibility of entering into a state of war to determine its necessity? Is there even a choice in the mater, or is it born in all of human kind as a sort of character trait, which must at times be expressed. If a state of war is inevitable, should the support of others be established, and at what moment in this conflict does it become apparent that a state of war has just been entered into? Is this idea of State of War similar or different when comparing the writing of John Locke, with the actions of President Bush? To understand how it is that a state of war comes about we must know what it is. John Locke defines a state of war saying, I should have a right to destroy that which threatens me with destructionand one may destroy a man who makes war upon him. (Ch 3 sec. 16, Two Treatises of Government) This gives a reasonable idea about what war is, when it is necessary to enter into a state of war, and how it is that it flush toilet be entered into. Locke is saying that war is a response to a threat. A threat can be a physical attack, or a vocal declaration to harm. The attack, or evidence of intent to harm is then reason enough for a state or war to be declared. With this understood and habituated the current state of war between Iraq and the United States can it be said, based on Lockes statement, that George W. Bush had reason enough to enter into a state of war with Iraq? In a speech made to the American Enterprise Institute President Bush said, In Iraq a dictator is construct and hiding weapons that could enable him to dominate the Middle East and intimidate the civilized world and we will not allow it. The development of these weapons could be interpreted as a threat, and a threat against the civilized world would justify an interest in a state of war.

Sobeys Business side in general :: essays research papers

Production DepartmentThe production department at Sobeys will look after the land and the buildings that they own or rent. In most cases Sobeys owns 5 stores to one warehouse. Sobeys production department likewise makes incontestable that all the necessary equipment is in working order and there is enough time. They make sure that the delivery trucks are working and if any thing like a meat grinder or an oven needs repairing that it gets done. They also check to see that the coin registers are working. They can check this through a central computer that is connected to all the cash registers in the region (Sobeys Ontario). They also look at the type of people they need to do the necessary jobs then relay it back to the Human Resources department. They will have all the operators who will drive forklifts at the factories and truck drivers. Also the support staff processes the orders for new equipment and tools. They also hire support staff to do the jobs that Sobey staff arent tra ined to do (plumbing, electrical). They also have managers who make sure that everything is running smoothly and that no one is wasting time and everyone is getting the proper amount of breaks. They look at the young materials that is used for the bake shop and meat department and make sure that there is enough stock in the warehouse to last until there nigh bulk order comes in. Then that bulk order is broken down into smaller scarcely still bulk orders for the different stores to use. Some products are delivered immediately from the suppliers warehouse to the store. They also make sure that the product isnt damaged when received or sold to consumers. Some other areas that the production department is in charge of is quality control, making sure that the product is made to the best it can be made, meeting deadlines, making sure the product reaches the store on time and that anything that has to be made or cut is done on time. They also look at keeping the product cost efficient but this sometimes shows in their products. Sobeys sells to a variety of people with very diverse economic backgrounds. So they sell high quality products that cost more and non so good products that cost less.Marketing and SalesThis department at Sobeys looks at ways that they market themselves and the amount of sales.

Lou Gehrig’s Farewell Speech -- New York Yankees Baseball Essays

Lou Gehrigs F arwell SpeechThroughout the course of American history, there have been copious amounts of famous dictiones, spoken by many different people. From political figures to sports players these people have provided deep thoughts and great insights about who they are and the world we live in today. Being a sports enthusiast, a memorable actors line comes to my mind. Lou Gehrigs farewell speech, given on July 4th, 1939, to more than 62,000 fans at New York Citys Yankee Stadium, has become a cornerstone in the history of baseb exclusively in America. Lou Gehrig is considered one of the most under-rated sports players of tout ensemble time. Gehrig vie in the same era with greats like Babe Ruth and Joe DiMaggio. In Fact, Gehrig played on the same team and actually batted behind Ruth and DiMaggio. Gehrigs nickname is the Iron Horse, which came about with Gehrigs amazing unbowed games played streak. Gehrig played in 2,130 consecutive games, which stood as the consecuti ve games nature until just belatedly broken by Cal Ripken, Jr. Gehrig died in 1941, at the age of 37. Though many famous speeches have been spoken throughout time, Lou Gehrigs farewell speech has remained one of the most memorable speeches of all time, due to the way he captivated his fans with the use of rhetoric.Lou Gehrig was known as a modest man and a tireless worker, with remarkable work habits. Gehrig was the first athlete in history to have his jersey retired. Famous number 4 was retired in 1939. Gehrig also holds the record for most grand slams in a career with 23. Gehrig was the first player in history to drive in 500 runs in three consecutive seasons. Gehrigs farewell speech was definitely directed towards baseball fans more specifical... ...ou see through examples, all three types of rhetoric are present in Gehrigs farewell speech. One thing that is NOT present in this speech is the use of fallacies. Gehrigs speech was a genuine address, catered to baseball fa ns all over about the seriousness of Gehrigs removal from baseball. This speech does not have a weakness, nor does it have a lack of soundness. Lou Gehrig, one of the most under-rated sports players of all time, exhibits a great speech. It clearly represents the author, as well as the audience and its purpose. The structure of Lou Gehrigs farewell speech is represented by cause and effect. The speech also appeals to all three forms of rhetoric Ethos, Pathos, and Logos. This speech will remain a famous speech for ages to come, due to its solid structure, sound attack on all three types of rhetoric, as well as its lack of flaws.

The Skeletal System Essay examples -- Basic Pathology

The skeletal system includes the osseous interweaves of the body and the connective tissues that stabilize or interconnect the individual bones. The bone is a dynamic tissue. Throughout the lifespan, bone adjusts to the physiologic and mechanical demands placed on it by the processes of growth and remodeling.Bone serves the beingness at multiple levels As a system, bones permit the organism to locomote effectively and to maintain posture by bearing loads without deformation, by providing rigid adjunct sites for muscles and acting as a system of levers to amplify small movements. As an organ, bones protect the viscera and house the hemopoietic tissue (red marrow). As a tissue, bones serve as a reservoir of readily mobilizable calcium, an ion vital for many metabolic processes including cell motility, excitability, secretion, phagocytosis, intermediary metabolism, respiration, and reproduction.Bones (or osseous material) serve a number of diverse purposes in the human anatomy. In a ddition to providing structure, leverage, protection, and support for the organs of the body, bones also house marrow, which produces blood cells. at bottom the bones are also stored the calcium deposits which the body may access, via resorption, when needed. Additionally, bones detoxify the system, by removing heavy metals, such as lead and arsenic, as come up as other toxins, from the bloodstream. The skeletal system provides structural support for the entire body. Individual bones or groups of bones provide a framework for the attachment of soft tissue and organs. Delicate tissues and organs are often surrounded by skeletal elements. The ribs protect the heart and lungs, the skull encloses the brain, the vertebrae shield the spinal cord, and the pelvis ... ...& J.W. Heath, Wheaters functional Histology, 4th edition, Churchill-Livingstone, New York, 2000, pp. 175-192.Johnson, Michael D. Human Biology Concepts and Current Issues, Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, 2001. Khosla, S., Kumar, V., Ramzi, S.C., Robbins, S.L. 1992. Basic Pathology, 5th edition. Philadelphia W.B. Saunders Co.Manolagas, Starvros C. 2000. Birth and Death of Bone Cells Basic Regulatory Mechanisms and Implications for the Pathogenesis and word of Oteoporosis, Endocrine Reviews, 21(2) 115-137.Martin, B. 1993. Aging and strength of bone as a structural material, Calcified Tissue International, 53 (suppl.) S34-S40.Martini, Frederic. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1989.Raisz, Lawrence G. 1999. Physiology and Pathophysiology of Bone Remodeling, clinical Chemistry, 458(B) 1353-1358.

The Skeletal System Essay examples -- Basic Pathology

The skeletal system includes the osseous tissues of the body and the connective tissues that stabilize or connect the individual bone up. The bone is a dynamic tissue. Throughout the lifespan, bone adjusts to the physiologic and mechanical demands placed on it by the processes of growth and remodeling.Bone sues the organism at multiple levels As a system, bones permit the organism to locomote effectively and to maintain posture by bearing loads without deformation, by providing pie-eyed attachment sites for muscles and acting as a system of levers to amplify small movements. As an organ, bones protect the viscera and house the hemopoietic tissue (red marrow). As a tissue, bones serve as a reservoir of readily mobilizable calcium, an ion vital for many metabolic processes including cell motility, excitability, secretion, phagocytosis, intermediary metabolism, respiration, and reproduction.Bones (or osseous material) serve a number of diverse purposes in the human anatomy. In addit ion to providing structure, leverage, protection, and support for the organs of the body, bones also house marrow, which produces blood cells. Within the bones are also stored the calcium deposits which the body may access, via resorption, when needed. Additionally, bones detoxify the system, by removing heavy metals, such as lead and arsenic, as well as other toxins, from the bloodstream. The skeletal system provides structural support for the entire body. Individual bones or groups of bones provide a framework for the attachment of patrician tissue and organs. Delicate tissues and organs are often surrounded by skeletal elements. The ribs protect the heart and lungs, the skull encloses the brain, the vertebrae shield the spinal cord, and the pelvis ... ...& J.W. Heath, Wheaters useable Histology, 4th edition, Churchill-Livingstone, New York, 2000, pp. 175-192.Johnson, Michael D. Human Biology Concepts and Current Issues, Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, 2001. Khosla, S., Kuma r, V., Ramzi, S.C., Robbins, S.L. 1992. Basic Pathology, 5th edition. Philadelphia W.B. Saunders Co.Manolagas, Starvros C. 2000. Birth and Death of Bone Cells Basic Regulatory Mechanisms and Implications for the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Oteoporosis, hormone Reviews, 21(2) 115-137.Martin, B. 1993. Aging and strength of bone as a structural material, Calcified Tissue International, 53 (suppl.) S34-S40.Martini, Frederic. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1989.Raisz, Lawrence G. 1999. Physiology and Pathophysiology of Bone Remodeling, Clinical Chemistry, 458(B) 1353-1358.

Comparison of Lao Tzu and Machiavelli Essay

It is obvious to most community the differences between black and white, light and darkness, or Pepsi and Coca-Cola. Many people have various preferences for each of these things, as well(p) as different views ab aside them. While one person may argue that Pepsi is the ultimate dope beverage, another person may claim that Coca-Cola is the best by far. This is such the case with humany different people in this world, on many different topics. A prime example of contrasting views on many issues is Niccolio Machiavelli and Lao Tzu. Among the issues that they address include war and violence and the qualities of an ideal regulation.The issue with the most differences is plain that of war and violence. In his work The Qualities of a Prince Machiavelli claimed that a good ruler must always be prepared for war. Even when their country is not at war, the ruler must be constantly considering combat. They must take the time to look at the land in which any battle will be fought, whether that is in their kingdom or that of their enemies.He must, therefore, never raise his thought from this exercise of warm and in peacetime he must train himself more than in time of war this can be done in both ways, one by fulfill, the other by the mind. And as far as action is concerned, besides keeping his soldiers well disciplined andtrained, he must always be out hunting, and must accustom his body to hardships in this manner and he must also learn the nature of the terrain, and know how the mountains slope, how the valleys open, how the plains lie, and understand the nature of rivers and swamps (38).Lao Tzus Thoughts from the Tao-Te-Ching took a more pacifistic approach. He believes that no man had the right to defeat enemies by using violence andweapons. When violence is used against somebody, it will dismantletually rebound and come back upon the person who inflicted it.Whoever relies on the Tao in governing mendoesnt try to force issuesor defeat enemies by force of arms. For every force there is a counterforce.Violence, even well intentioned,Always rebounds upon oneself. (24).The contrast in Machiavellis ideal ruler and that of Lao Tzu is drastic. Machiavelli thinks that the ideal ruler should be careful when it comes to being generous. He believes that if a ruler is too generous, the people he governs will become unappreciative of their good fortune. A prince should be feared by his people, but they should not despise him because of it. A prince must nevertheless make himself feared in such a manner that he will avoid hatred, even if he does not acquire love since to be feared and not to be hated can verywell be combined and this will always be so when he keeps his hands tally the property and the women of his citizens and his subjects. (44).Lao Tzu has many views that are in great opposition to those of Machiavelli. He believes that the best ruler is one that the people dont even realize is there. A leader should be loved, and not feared or hate d. He acts upon things, and when he is a success, the people of his kingdom get the full credit for his work.When the ensure governs, the peopleare hardly aware that he exists.Next best is the leader who is loved.Next is the one who is feared.The worst is the one who is despisedThe Master doesnt talk, he acts.When his work is done,The people say Amazing,We did it, all by ourselves (22-23).A ruler should also not have the desire to leave his country. If you are unsated and feel the urge to move on, then you will lose touch with who you truly are.The heavy is the root of the light,The unmoved is the source of all movement.Thus the tame travels all dayWithout leaving home.However splendid the views,She stays serenely in herself.Why should the lord of the countryFlit about like a fool?If you let yourself be blown to and fro,You lose touch with your root.If you let the restless move you,You lose touch with who you are. (23-24).Clearly these men believed in two entirely different sets of values. This can be shown in their interest and opinions on many subjects, among them violence and war, and the traits of an ideal ruler. One is full of optimism, while the other brings out the pessimism is the most jubilant people.

California State Law Essay

What Bidders Edge did whitethorn be considered as an innovation in the emerging electronic commerce industry. Linking as what was specified in the article do thinks easier for bigger websites such as e-bay to be viewed in by a lot people. Summing up the intention of Bidders Edge, we could conclude that what the company did is to provide the buyers the best price possible for anything that they want to buy. In the process, Bidders Edge would obtain choices from various auction sites which consequently included e-bay. I believe that this unrivaled mattered to e-bay not entirely on the sense that Bidders Edge would trespass per se on e-bay servers but the last mentioned would serve as a threat for e-bay in the future.Simply put, traditional trespass involves the manipulation, distribution, or access of private data or property without the approval of its owner. In this particular case, e-bay is a public celestial sphere with open access to everyone who has internet access. On the ot her hand, personal property means that anything that is movable as distinguished from real estate. In the case of e-bay and Bidders Edge, the latter did request fro legal access but was denied by the former. One thing where Bidders Edge made a wrong move was when they created proxy users in rig to access e-bay servers thereby giving in legal grounds for e-bay to file a justnesssuit under the provisions of California state laws on intellect property infringements against Bidders Edge.Under California state laws, Various things can be copyrighted literature, drama, music, sound recordings, computer software, advertising copy, motion pictures, choreography, pantomimes, and architectural works(Witkin, Witkin legitimate Institute., & West Group., 2005). This gives e-bay the basis to file suit against anyone who intends unauthorized use of their servers. This is in contrast with the usual textbook definition that trespass to personal property may be altered if the medium may be proven as a public domain.ReferenceWitkin, B. E., Witkin Legal Institute., & West Group. (2005). Summary of California law (10th ed.). San Francisco, CA Witkin Legal Institute.

Pepsi Cola

9-801-458 REV. OCTOBER 24, 2008 CARLISS Y. BALDWIN LEONID SOUDAKOV PepsiCos call forth for quaker Oats (A) Introduction By the end of 1999, adjacent a multi- social class restructuring effort, PepsiCo had once all over again become unmatched of the most successful consumer mathematical products companies in the world. In less than four old age, it had achieved an 80% increase in give the axe income, on 30% pull down bargains, and with 75% less employees. proves 1 with 3 contain the keep smart sets recent financial statements. PepsiCos major subsidiaries were the Pepsi-Cola Company, which was the worlds second largest refreshment drinkable company, Frito-Lay, Inc. the worlds largest manufacturer and distributor of snack chips, and Tropicana Products, the largest marter of shited ju applesauces. PepsiCos leading brands included carbonated soft drinks (Pepsi, Diet Pepsi and Mountain Dew), AquaFina bottled piss, Tropicana juices and juice-based drinks, Lipton tea-bas ed crapulences and Frappucino ice coffee, as soundly as Fritos and Doritos corn chips, Lays and Ruffles potato chips, and Rold Gold pretzels. Throughout 1999, PepsiCo was closely tracking several say-so strategical encyclopaedisms. In the fall of 2000, it appeared that the right moment for an justness-financed acquisition had arrived.At this time, PepsiCo chargeing decided to initiate confidential discussions with The admirer Oats Company near a potential business combination. Gatorade, a key brand in allys portfolio, had long been on PepsiCos wish list. On October 5, 2000, an investment-banking team from Merrill Lynch met with the top executives of PepsiCo to discuss a possible business combination between PepsiCo and acquaintance. The goals of the meeting were to assess the value of champions businesses to estimate potential synergies associated with a Pepsi-acquaintance merger and to come up with an effective negotiation strategy. PepsiCo executives were confident t hat Quakers crapulence and snack regimen businesses could contribute to Pepsis profitable ageth in convenience foods and drinkables. However, PepsiCos managers, led by CEO Roger Enrico and CFO Indra Nooyi, were committed to upholding the value of PepsiCos shares, and as a result, they were determined not to pay too much for Quaker. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Leonid Soudakov (MBA 01) ready this eccentric person from published sources under the supervision of Professor Carliss Y.Baldwin. HBS cases are developed solely as the basis for class discussion. Cases are not intended to help as endorsements, sources of primary data, or illustrations of effective or ineffective management. Copyright 2001, 2002, 2008 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1800-545-7685, economize Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http//www. hbsp. harvard. edu.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval sy base of trading trading operations, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any meanselectronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwisewithout the permission of Harvard Business School. 801-458 PepsiCos iron out for Quaker Oats (A) PepsiCos Origins and History In the summer of 1898 Caleb D. Bradham, a young pharmacist from North Carolina, looked for a name that would better describe the Brads Drink, his concoction of carbonated water, sugar, vanilla and kola nuts.He decided to buy the name Pep Kola from the local competitor, which he later changed to Pepsi-Cola, maintaining that the beverage aided in curing dyspepsia, or indigestion. In 1902, Bradham applied for federal trademark protection and founded the first Pepsi-Cola Company. As a result of Bradhams gambling on the post-World struggle I damage of sugar, the company went bankrupt in 1923 , and its assets were sold for $30,000. It was reorganized as the National Pepsi-Cola Company in 1928, only to go bankrupt again terzetto years later. Emerging from bankruptcy with cutting owners, the companys fortunes changed uddenly in 1934. That year, in the middle of the Great Depression, it introduced a 12-ounce bottle of Pepsi Cola for unspoilt a nickel. Its sales soared, and the Pepsi-Cola Company embarked on six decades of sustained and profitable step-up. In 1965, the company merged with the Texas-based snack manufacturer, Frito-Lay, Inc. In 1970, its total food and beverage sales passed the $1 billion mark. The major products in its portfolio at this time were Pepsi-Cola, Diet Pepsi and Mountain Dew beverages, plus Fritos, Lays, Ruffles, Doritos, Cheetos, and Rold Gold snacks.The company, now called PepsiCo, continued to grow through the 1970s and 1980s. During this extremity, it used acquisitions to diversify out of its profitable, but relatively slow-growth beverag e and snack businesses, acquiring North American Van Lines, a trucking company, in 1968 Wilson Sporting Goods in 1970 Pizza Hut restaurants in 1977 and the Taco Bell fast food chain in 1978. In 1984, PepsiCo was restructured to focus on soft drinks, snacks and restaurants, and the transportation and sporting goods businesses were sold.To strengthen its restaurant division, PepsiCo acquired Kentucky Fried Chicken in 1986 purchased an equity interest in California Pizza Kitchen in 1992 and acquired east Side Marios Restaurants and DAngelo Sandwich Shops a year later. By 1995, PepsiCo sales had reached $30 billion, and it had 470,000 employees worldwide. It was the worlds third largest employer. Restructuring in the Mid-1990s In the mid-1990s, PepsiCo began to come across severe problems in its international bottling operations and in its restaurant division.In dreadful of 1996, PepsiCos long-time archrival, The CocaCola Company, bought Pepsis largest Venezuelan bottler, and PepsiCo was left with no presence in that market practically overnight. In Brazil and Argentina, a bottler jointly owned by PepsiCo and local investors, came close to bankruptcy. The bottlers debts were converted into equity, a move that essentially eradicated Pepsis claim PepsiCo reported a one-time vent of $576 one one thousand million million as a result of this restructuring. Simultaneously, the company suffered volume and profit declines in its restaurant businesses.Between 1988 to 1994, PepsiCo had invested close to $7 billion to acquire thousands of fast food and casual dining outlets. But the operational complexity of these businesses was a tax on PepsiCos management. Moreover, because of their dandy intensity, so far profitable restaurant handcuffs could not maintain high returns on invested capital without commensurately high levels of debt. Finally, PepsiCos beverage sales to other restaurant chains suffered because of the companys dual role as a beverage supplier and a m ajor competitor through its own fast food chains. 2PepsiCos Bid for Quaker Oats (A) 801-458 In April 1996, Roger Enrico, formerly the head of the Frito-Lay division, became the CEO of PepsiCo. He acknowledged that the company had invested too much money too fast, try to achieve heroic overnight success where, in retrospect, the odds were tougher that they seemed. 1 In the restaurant division, Enricos team began by divesting PepsiCos restaurant offer and distribution company and the smaller casual dining businesses. Simultaneously, the company announced plans to spin off its core restaurant businesses into a separate company.In 1997, PepsiCo combined its three restaurant businesses, Pizza Hut, KFC and Taco Bell, into a new corporate entity, Tricon Global Restaurants. PepsiCo received $4. 5 billion in interchange from Tricon as repayment of sure amounts due and a dividend Tricons shares were then distributed to PepsiCos shareholders, and simultaneously listed on the NYSE. These mo ves induced a new public company, with $10 billion in sales and a market capitalization of $4. 5 billion. Altogether, the divestitures of the restaurant businesses brought $5. 5 billion of cash proceed to PepsiCo.At the same time, PepsiCos managers embarked on a major restructuring of the international beverage division. The goals of the program were to lower fixed constitutes, write down underperforming assets, and divest noncore businesses. Following the lead of Coca-Cola, the company consolidated its previously dispersed bottling operations into the hands of a few large, well capitalized anchor bottlers, who were focused solely on manufacturing, selling and distributing Pepsis line of beverages. The new bottlers were designed to be counterweights to large retailers, like Wal-Mart and Carrefour, in the rapidly consolidating retail marketplace.Thus in 1998 PepsiCo created the Pepsi Bottling Group (PBG) with $7 billion in sales, and bottling operations in countries ranging from t he United States to Russia. This move separated the bottling and concentrate split of the business, and allocated right for building operational efficiency to the bottling companies. Retaining a 35% noncontrolling interest, PepsiCo sold 65% of PBGs equity in an initial public offering in 1999. The sale brought $1 billion in cash onto Pepsis balance sheet, and led to a significant reduction in the companys asset base.Signaling managements confidence in the new corporate strategy, PepsiCo used the cash generated by the restaurant and bottling divestitures to launch a share repurchase program. It bought back 54 million shares in 1996, 69 million shares in 1997 and 59 million shares in 1998. Management was now able to focus on building a loaded portfolio of brands in beverage and snack foods. In 1998, PepsiCo acquired the Tropicana juice business from Seagrams for $3. 3 billion in cash. The acquisition gave the company a strong market presence in the fast-growing noncarbonated bevera ge constituent.Compared to Pepsis existing businesses, Tropicana provided a lower return on assets and invested capital, but PepsiCos managers, particularly Enrico and Indra Nooyi, the CFO, saw a great opportunity for strong margins and profitable growth if this superior brand were brought under the PepsiCo umbrella. Investment analysts and portfolio managers were more skeptical, however. At the time of the Tropicana acquisition, in that location was a perception on Wall Street that Pepsi might have give too much. Two years later, however, the Tropicana acquisition was viewed as an outstanding success.Tropicanas sales volume and profitability consistently exceeded market expectations every quarter from the date of acquisition in the fall of 1998 through September 2000. Moreover, the integration of the new business into PepsiCos corporate structure was seamless neither Tropicanas brand heritage, nor its unique distribution trunk was harmed by the acquisition process. 1 letter F rom the Chairman, 1996 PepsiCo yearbook Report. 3 801-458 PepsiCos Bid for Quaker Oats (A) acquaint 4 shows PepsiCos memory board p strain history from October 31, 1997 through October 4, 2000.Throughout 1999, PepsiCos stock price stagnated as investors shied away from the traditional case goods companies in favor of the Inter gelt and technology stocks. This lackluster instruction execution caused PepsiCos management to abstain from any major acquisitions. In the words of CFO Indra Nooyi, we wanted a few quarters of solid performance behind us, and our currency that is, our stock priceto reflect our fundamental value. 2 When the Internet bubble burst in March 2000, PepsiCos stock price began to rise between March 8 and October 4, it appreciated from $30. 0 to $45. 125, or almost 50%. PepsiCos managers believed that it was time to see if a deal could be struck with Quaker that would be advantageous to both sides. The Quaker Oats Company Nearly a century old in 1999, Quaker Oa ts was a worldwide consumer goods company with one-year sales of $4. 7 billion. In appurtenance to its hot cereals, Quaker Oats and Quaker Instant rolled oats, the companys portfolio of brands included Gatorade sports beverages, Granola snack bars, Life and Capn Crunch ready-to-eat cereals, and Rice-a-Roni and Near East flavored cereal dishes. renders 5-7 contain Quakers most recent financial statements as of October 4, 2000. Exhibit 8 provides data on Quakers financial performance broken down by beverage and food segments and by region. Exhibit 9 shows Quakers total sales and growth pass judgment by product line for the years 1994-1999. In 1999, Quaker was emerging from a period of restructuring and refocusing of its core businesses. During the decade prior to 1999, Quaker divested businesses with more than $2 billion in revenues, or about a third of its initial asset base.The divested operations included chemicals, toy manufacturing, specialty retailing, restaurants and pet fo ods, as well as the infamous Snapple beverage business. (In 1994, Quaker paid $1. 7 billion for Snapple Corporation, which sold branded juice-based beverages. Quaker then made the mistake of replacing Snapples distributors, and alienating the brands target consumers. After incurring dramatic losses, Quaker sold the business to Triarc in 1997 for $300 million. ) Robert Morrison joined the company as CEO in 1997, and proceeded to lead the company through an impressive turn roughly.By 1999, 93% of Quakers U. S. sales came from brands holding the numeral-one or number-two positions in their product categories, and the company was perceived to be one of the best-managed companies in the packaged food and beverage industry. However, because it was a relatively small player in a exceedingly intemperate and competitive orbicular industry, Quaker was also seen as a potential acquisition target. Table A shows the distribution of revenues among the major players in the global packaged food and beverage industries.Indeed, in August 2000, David Nelson, an analyst at CSFB estimated Quakers synergies with various large food and beverage companies, and translated those figures into a potential coup detat price for the company. His calculations are summarized in Table B. 2 Quoted in Lauren R. Rubin, returnsable Fit, Barrons, December 11, 2000. 4 PepsiCos Bid for Quaker Oats (A) 801-458 Table A major Companies Competing in the Global Packaged Food and Beverage Industries Annual Revenues, $Bns 50 40 30 20 10 0 Heinz Kraft Quaker Oats Hershey familiar move Coca-Cola Campbell PepsiCo Unilever Keebler Danone Kellogg NestleTable B Potential Acquirers Estimated Synergies ($ in millions) Synergy Estimates Savings Kellogg Campbell Philip Morris Coca-Cola Pepsi-Cola Nestle Danone ancestry hoodized Value agree 450 200 450 650+ 425 400 275 Per OAT piece of land $20. 36 $9. 05 $20. 36 $30. 00+ $19. 23 $18. 10 $12. 45 Potential Takeover Price $95. 36 $84. 05 $95. 36 $105+ $94. 23 $93. 10 $87. 45 Revenues cl 25 150 500+ 250 150 coulomb 300 175 300 150 175 250 175 CSFB Equity Research Report on Quaker Oats, August 1, 2000. Interest in Quaker was centered on its Gatorade line of sports beverages, which accounted for 39% of Quakers sales in 1999.According to one analyst report in August 2000, As a small, publicly traded, now well-managed company owning possibly the fastest-growing billion dollar growth potential product in the food and beverage industry, there is little doubt that Quaker is an attractive target or at least a highly desirable merger partner. 3 3 David C. Nelson, David S. Bianco, Quaker Oats Is It in the Stock? , Credit Suisse First Boston Equity Research, 08/01/2000, p. 4. 5 801-458 PepsiCos Bid for Quaker Oats (A) Rumors linking PepsiCo and Gatorade first surfaced in 1994.Late in 1996, Quaker reportedly attempted to sell both its beverage businesses (Gatorade and Snapple) as a package for about $3 billion. A year later, analysts predicted th at PepsiCos would use the proceeds from the spin-off of its restaurant unit to finance an acquisition of Gatorade. Finally, in a report published in March 2000, Bill Pecoriello, an analyst at Sanford C. Bernstein & Co. , advocated a PepsiCo-Quaker merger, saying that PepsiCo was strongly positioned to leverage Gatorade through its distribution carcass in the US and internationally, and to sell Quaker snacks through its Frito-Lay network.Fueled in part by theory that it might be acquired, Quaker stock appreciated almost 80% from its low of $45. 9375 on March 14 to its recent high of $79. 125 on September 29, 2000. Exhibit 10 shows Quakers stock price history from October 1997 through October 4, 2000. Exhibit 11 calculates selected ratios for PepsiCo and Quaker for the years 1996 to 2000. Exhibit 12 provides data on comparable companies. Exhibit 13 shows market interest rates as of October 4, 2000. Gatorade Gatorade was created on the campus of the University of Florida in 1965.Rese archers at the school wanted to create a drink that would prevent dehydration among athletes. The drink was named for schools football team, the Gators its introduction in the early 1970s launched the commercial sports beverage industry. Quaker acquired rights to the formula and the name in 1983. By 1999 Gatorade was well established as the worlds leading sports drink with $1. 9 billion in global sales, and 82 percent of the U. S. sports beverage market. Its growth had been remarkable From 1997-1999, Gatorades sales grew at an annual rate of 12 percent, while profits grew at around 15 percent (see Exhibits 8 and 9).Over the next quintet years (2000-2004), Quakers management expected Gatorade sales to increase by $1 billion, implying a 9. 25% cumulative average growth rate. Should that growth materialize, economies of scale were expected to drive profits upward at a 13. 5% rate over the same time period. As a rehydrating and energy beverage, Gatorade was a seasonal product, with the majority of its sales occurring in the warmer months of April to October. Highest levels of per capita intake were in the southern parts of United States. Gatorades international presence was limited, however less than 20% of its sales came from outside North America.Its European launch in the mid-1980s had been unsuccessful, partly because of short brand positioning, but also because heat-driven beverage consumption was not common in Europes colder climates. Quakers managers believed that Gatorade had huge growth potential in the warm-weather climates of Latin America and Asia, but the shaky economies in these regions presented major challenges to sustained, profitable growth. At the time of the acquisition by Quaker, Gatorade had only two flavors on the market orange and lemon-lime. By 1999, there were more than twenty different flavors, from Whitewater Splash to Cool Blue Raspberry.Quaker was also seeking to extend the Gatorades brand into new product arenas. In the summer of 2000, Quaker launched a vitamin-fortified flavored water called Propel under the Gatorade brand umbrella in southern U. S. markets. This new product was advertised as a fitness water it delivered the vitamins, carbohydrates, and antioxidants present in Gatorade with only one-fifth of the calories. This move marked Gatorades entrance into the fast-growing bottled water market. At the same time, the company launched Torq, a quick energy, high-carbohydrate diet supplement for intense athletes.Although Torq was a niche product with limited market prospects, it signaled Gatorades inveterate commitment to sports nutrition, thereby enhancing consumers perception of the brand. 6 PepsiCos Bid for Quaker Oats (A) 801-458 Finally, Quakers management had decided to extend the Gatorade brand into the $500 million energy bar market, which was growing at an annual rate of 30%. This was a natural move, given Quakers core expertise in snack bar products (see below), and the fact that nearly 70% of energy bar consumers also drank Gatorade. Quakers Food BusinessesQuakers food businesses were based on an assortment of brands in the categories of hot and ready-to-eat cereals, grain products, snack bars, maple syrups, pancake mixes and grits. Following Morrisons restructuring, all product lines were profitable, but for the most part their growth rates were low (see Exhibits 8 and 9). None of Quakers accredited food brands had the potential to exceed $ 1 billion in sales in the predictable future? Hot cereals Oats were Quakers original product, but by 1999, hot cereals represented only 13% of the companys U.S. sales. Still oats were the companys most profitable product line with operational contribution margins of almost 30%, and high returns on invested capital. Recently, sales had benefited from a growing consumer focus on healthy living and diet. Thus in 1999, Quakers hot cereal sales increased by 12. 5% compared with the compound annual sales growth of 1. 6% over the prior f ive years (see Exhibit 9). Quaker managers projected considerable volume growth in this kinfolk as the baby boomers grew older and became even more health conscious.In the eyes of consumers, the main drawbacks of oatmeal were its taste and inconvenience in preparation. New product festering focused on these issues. Thus in 1999 Quaker introduced several new instant oatmeal flavors, including baked apple, French vanilla, and cinnamon roll. It was testing convenient single-serve microwave-ready cups designed to eliminate the need for a bowl in preparation. Other new hot oatmeal products included Dinosaur Eggs, which were targeted towards kids when hot water was added to the instant oatmeal, the eggs be born little dinosaurs.Ready-to-eat cereal In 1999, Quaker held the number four position in the intensely competitive ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal market syndicate, trailing General Mills (33%), Kellogg (31%) and Kraft (16%). The business included three strong brands Life and Capn Crunc h, with more than $150 million in annual sales each, and the heat Oatmeal line, with sales of around $ coulomb million. The balance of the segment was made up of bagged cereals Sweet Crunch, Cocoa B withstands, and Marshmallow Safari. Real per-capita RTE cereal hold had decreased about 6% annually in the United States since 1994.Bucking this trend, Quakers RTE sales had increased by 1%-2% on average over the last five years (see Exhibit 9). But, although Quakers top RTE cereal brands were competing effectively for share in this declining category, it was increasingly difficult to maintain their profitability. In this difficult segment of their business, Quaker management had decided to focus on efficiency. In 2000, the company announced a two-year restructuring plan designed to achieve significant constitute nest egg by closing manufacturing facilities, consolidating manufacturing lines, and reconfiguring the RTE ereal distribution network. Golden Grain Quakers Golden Grain busi ness produced flavored rice and pasta. gross revenue had been flat for the last five years (see Exhibit 9), but Quaker still held the number one position in flavored rice with a 37% market share, and the number two position in flavored pasta with a 33% market share. Competition was increasing in these markets, however Mars was aggressively marketing flavored rice under its Uncle Bens brand, and General Mills was promoting flavored pasta under the Betty Crocker label.In response to these competitive moves, Quaker managers felt they might have to defend share by increasing expenditures on promotion and advertising or dropping 7 801-458 PepsiCos Bid for Quaker Oats (A) prices. The division contributed about $50 million in operating profits annually, and accounted for about 7% of Quakers 1999 operating income. Grain-based snacks Quakers Snack Foods division sold Chewy Granola disallow, Fruit & Oatmeal Bars, Rice Cakes, and new Crispy Mini-Rice Cakes. Its products accounted for 17. 4% o f the snack/granola bar market, second only to Kellogg Co.Quakers Chewy Granola Bars led the $360 million granola bar category with a 39% market share. Over the past five years, Chewys growth in revenues averaged 8% annually. Quaker Fruit & Oatmeal Bars were number two to Kelloggs NutriGrain in the cereal bar category. Quaker Rice Cakes had an impressive 66% market share in the $165 million rice cake category. The profits of the snack business had grown at 10% per year over the past three years, owing to the strength of demand for granola and cereal bars, and successful new product introductions (see Exhibit 9). Other U. S. nd international foods Quaker also sold aunty Jemima syrup and pancake mixes, and through them held a 17% share of the $560 million syrup category and 21% of the $300 million pancake mix category. Quaker Grits dominated the $100 million corn grits market, with a 77% share. These were highly profitable brands, but they were in categories that promised little in t he way of future growth. The Quakers international food businesses lacked critical mass. Its Latin American food sales were concentrated in Brazil, where sales had declined 17% in 1999, due to severe currency devaluation and economic recession.In Europe, Quaker had a small, growing RTE cereal business, which was concentrated in the United Kingdom and Scandinavia. Its Asian food business was minuscule, accounting for less than $25 million in sales in 1999. Potential Synergies Gatorade If the acquisition succeeded, PepsiCos management expected that Gatorade would dramatically enhance both the companys strategic position and its economic performance. PepsiCo would become the clear category leader in noncarbonated beverages, a market, which was growing at 8%-9% annually, three times accelerated than the carbonated soft drink market.With Tropicana and Gatorade combined, PepsiCo would control a full quarter of this $23 billion market. One of the major benefits of combining the two compa nies operations would stem from distribution. Gatorade used a warehouse brokers distribution system to deliver beverages to convenience stores and supermarkets, whereas PepsiCos used a Direct Store Delivery (DSD) system. Each system worked best for different types of products and retail outlets. The DSD system was much more expensive, usually amounting to 15%-20% of sales, but it gave PepsiCo direct control over product selection, in-store visibility and the size of product displays.Moreover, the labor and equipment costs of DSD were mostly fixed, hence the contribution margins of incremental unit sales were high. DSD worked well for high volume products (like colas), but it was not an scotch way to supply lower volume products in large varieties) to supermarkets and convenience stores. As indicated, Quaker used a warehouse brokers distribution system. In the case of Gatorade, however, robust consumer demand acted to offset many of the disadvantages of selling through brokers, inc luding lower margins, potential stock-outs and poor product presentation.As a fastmoving convenience store item, Gatorade was regularly allocated highly visible shelf space, almost entirely without slotting fees, which were customary in the retail business. Moreover, Gatorades new products and packages historically had won increased shelf space for the brand, kind of of taking up the same shelf space and cannibalizing older products. 8 PepsiCos Bid for Quaker Oats (A) 801-458 The acquisition of Quaker would enable PepsiCo to distribute Tropicanas nonrefrigerated juices, like Twister and Dole, through Gatorades warehouse brokers distribution system.The merger would thus considerably enhance companys position in the $7 billion nonrefrigerated juice segment According to CEO Enrico, PepsiCo would become the category captain of the nonrefrigerated juice aisle. PepsiCos managers estimated that using Gatorades warehouse distribution system for Tropicana juices could generate an incrementa l $400 million in sales and $45 million in operating profit by the year 2004. The PepsiCo management team also projected procurement savings of approximately $60 million annually by 2004 from reductions in the costs of raw materials and supplies.Moreover, Gatorade used hot-fill production lines, which were correspondent to those used by PepsiCos Twister, Lipton teas, Frapuccino and SoBe beverages. If the two companies were combined, the team anticipated cost savings from better capacity utilization in manufacturing, warehouse, tar and logistics systems. Collectively, these cost savings were expected to reach $65 million annually by 2004. Other potential benefits of the business combination were more difficult to quantify.For example, PepsiCos managers believed that Pepsis prolonged cooler distribution network could be used to increase Gatorades penetration in vending machines, schools, and smaller convenience stores as well as other niche vending channels and food service account s. PepsiCo CFO Indra Nooyi argued The combination of Gatorade and AquaFina in vending machines is a no-brainer. Over the longer term, PepsiCo could accelerate Gatorades international expansion by using the existing sales and distribution organizations of both Pepsi-Cola International and Frito-Lay International.Finally, the sports technology expertise of the Gatorade Sports Science Institute might be combined with the health research capabilities of the Tropicana Nutrition Center to develop products that would meet the refreshment and nutrition needs of beverage consumers in new ways. Snacks If the acquisition succeeded, PepsiCos managers planned to integrate the Quakers snack food division into its Frito-Lay unit, which was already the worlds leader in salty snacks. They saw a significant opportunity in the $2 billion snack bars market, which was growing at 9% annually.Frito-Lay was in the process of reengineering its direct store delivery (DSD) distribution system to handle more product units. PepsiCos management believed that distributing Quakers Chewy Granola and other snacks through Frito-Lays system could increase Quakers revenues from snacks by an incremental $200 million and its operating profit by $34 million by 2004. A nonquantifiable benefit of the acquisition would be that Quaker snacks were not salty. For the most part, its brands connoted nutrition and health more than good taste or fun.Quaker brands positioning would give Frito-Lay access to numerous consumption occasions, for example, in the morning, that its existing salty snack brands did not serve. According to Roger Enrico, PepsiCo CEO We see bars as an ideal way to smuggle nutrition into more daily diets. Other foods If the acquisition succeeded, Quakers nonsnack food businesses would represent 10% of the combined companys pro forma sales. Quaker Oatmeal, RTE cereals, Golden Grain, and Aunt Jemima businesses did not fit within PepsiCos convenience-food strategy, nor did they represent si gnificant growth opportunities.Yet these businesses were highly profitable, and were expected to generate substantial free cash flows and modest growth over the foreseeable future. Lastly, their unit volumes supported the scale of Quakers (hence Gatorades) warehouse brokers distribution system. One complexity of the proposed acquisition stemmed from the fact that PepsiCos management would only consider a stock-for-stock transaction. Under that transaction structure, the company would be able to account for the merger as a pooling-of-interests. With a pooling-of-interests 801-458 PepsiCos Bid for Quaker Oats (A) accounting treatment, no goodwill would be created, and neither PepsiCos nor Quakers shareholders would have to recognize a gain or loss as a result of the merger for income tax purposes. On the other hand, under pooling-of-interests accounting, PepsiCo was precluded from selling any significant assets of Quaker for two years following the merger. Thus, if the acquisition suc ceeded, PepsiCo would not be able to divest Quakers slower-growth food divisions for at least two years.By the same token, PepsiCo would not be able to repurchase shares in any significant quantity for two years. Both Pepsi and Quaker used share repurchases as their primary mode of returning cash to shareholders (see Exhibits 3 and 7). If the acquisition succeeded, Pepsi would have to change its cash distribution policy radically. Decision PepsiCo had to determine its initial offer before approaching the Quaker. The quantify was critical, as several other companies were likely to be attracted by Quakers obvious strengths (see Tables A and B).At the same time, PepsiCo management had two major concerns. First, although Gatorades synergies and growth prospects provided a clear strategic rationale for the acquisition, Gatorade plus the snack business accounted for only about 40%-45% of Quakers sales and operating income. Food products like Quaker Oats, which PepsiCo was not directly i nterested in, constituted the bulk of Quakers business. Second, Quaker traded at 23 times the earnings, which was lower than PepsiCo, but still at a premium compared to other food manufacturers (see Exhibit 12).Depending on the price and the value of realized synergies, a stock-for-stock transaction could potentially dilute PepsiCos earnings and diminish earnings per share, at least in the short run. 10 PepsiCos Bid for Quaker Oats (A) 801-458 ejaculates This case was inclined(p) using the following published sources PepsiCo, Inc. 2000 Annual Report, available at www. pepsico. com/2000/annual2000. html PepsiCo, Inc. 1999 Annual Report, available at www. pepsico. com/1999/annual1999. html PepsiCo, Inc. 1998 Annual Report, available at www. pepsico. com/1998/content. shtml PepsiCo, Inc. 997 Annual Report, available at www. pepsico. com/1997/content. shtml PepsiCo, Inc. 1996 Annual Report, available at www. pepsico. com/1996/content. shtml The Coca-Cola Company 1999 Annual Report, av ailable at www. cocacola. com/annualreport The Quaker Oats Company 1999 Annual Report, available at www. quakeroats. com The Quaker Oats Company 1998 Annual Report, available at www. quakeroats. com The Quaker Oats Company 1997 Annual Report, available at www. hoovers. com Form S-4, Registration Statement under the Securities Act of 1933, as filed by PepsiCo, Inc. ith SEC on 01/09/2001 Pepsi Seeks $5B Credit Line, Dow Jones News Service, 10/12/1994 Analysts Dubious on Pepsis Interest in Quaker, Dow Jones News Service, 10/12/1994 Quaker Rises on Pepsi Report, The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, 11/30/1996 Michael J. Branca, PEP The Good, The Bad and The Ugly, Lehman Brothers Equity Research, 11/03/2000 Cathleen Egan, S. Bernstein Analyst Muses over a Pepsi-Quaker Merger, Dow Jones News Service, 03/13/2000 Cathleen Egan, Quaker in Talks to Sell Gatorade, Snapple to Pepsi, Dow Jones News Service, 11/29/1996 David C.Nelson, David S. Bianco, Quaker Oats Is It in the Stock? , Credit Suisse Fi rst Boston Equity Research, 08/01/2000 Lauren R. Rubin, make headwayable Fit, Barrons, 12/11/2000 Patricia Sellers, Can Coke and Pepsi Make Quaker Sweat? Fortune, 07/10/1995 Janet Kidd Stewart, Pepsi Chief Pooh-poohs Deal for Quaker Drinks, Chicago Sun-Times, 01/25/1997 11 801-458 PepsiCos Bid for Quaker Oats (A) Exhibit 1 PepsiCo Financial Statements Consolidated Statement of Income ($ millions, except per share data) 9/2/00a 1999 1998 1997 1996 benefit sales New PepsiCo Bottling operations join net sales Costs and expenses Cost of sales SG&A Amortization of intangible assets Impairment and restructuring charge make out costs and expenses operating(a) profit New PepsiCo Bottling operations and equity investments Total operating profit Bottling equity income, net Gain on bottling transactions Interest expense Interest income Income before taxes Provision for income taxes Income from go on operations Income from discontinued operations, net Net income Net income per share of com mon stock, $ 14,028 0 14,028 8,244 2,123 20,367 14,686 7,662 22,348 13,655 7,262 20,917 20,337 5,433 6,209 96 0 11,738 8,198 9,103 183 65 17,549 9,330 9,924 222 288 19,764 8,525 9,241 199 290 18,255 8,452 9,063 206 576 18,297 2,290 0 2,290 135 0 (156) 43 2,312 740 1,572 0 1,572 1. 09 2,765 53 2,818 83 1,000 (363) 118 3,656 1,606 2,050 0 2,050 1. 40 2,460 124 2,584 0 0 (395) 74 2,263 270 1,993 0 1,993 1. 35 2,252 410 2,662 0 0 (478) 125 2,309 818 1,491 651 2,142 1. 40 2,040 (565) 91 1,566 624 942 207 1,149 0. 73 Source Company 10(K) and 10(Q) filings. aData for 36 weeks ended September 2, 2000. 2 PepsiCos Bid for Quaker Oats (A) 801-458 Exhibit 2 Assets PepsiCo Financial Statements Consolidated dimension Sheet ($ millions) 9/2/00a 705 97 1,835 975 588 4,200 9,209 (3,928) 5,281 4,531 3,011 636 8,178 17,659 1999 964 92 1,704 899 514 4,173 8,816 (3,550) 5,266 4,735 2,846 531 8,112 17,551 1998 311 83 2,453 1,016 499 4,362 13,110 (5,792) 7,318 8,996 1,396 588 10,980 22,660 1997 1,928 955 2,150 732 486 6,251 11,294 (5,033) 6,261 5,855 1,201 533 7,589 20,101 1996 307 289 2,276 853 225 3,950 10,908 (4,822) 6,086 6,036 1,147 491 7,674 4,450 22,160 exchange and cash equivalents Short-term investments, at cost Accounts and notes receivable, net Inventories Prepaid expenses and other modern assets Total current assets Property, plant and equipment, net Accumulated depreciation Net PP&E Intangible assets, net Investments in unconsolidated affiliates Other assets Net II&O Net assets of discontinued operations Total assets Liabilities and Shareholders Equity Short-term borrowings Accounts payable and other current liabilities Income taxes payable Total current liabilities Long-term debt Other liabilities Deferred income taxes crude stock with child(p) in excess of par value Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive loss Less Repurchased common shares, at cost Total shareholders equity Total liabilities and shareholders equity Average shares outstanding, millions 1 6 3,337 168 3,621 2,737 3,033 1,380 29 963 15,040 (1,219) (7,925) 6,888 17,659 1,446 233 3,399 156 3,788 2,812 2,861 1,209 29 1,081 14,066 (989) (7,306) 6,881 17,551 1,466 3,921 3,870 123 7,914 4,028 2,314 2,003 29 1,166 12,800 (1,059) (6,535) 6,401 22,660 1,480 0 3,617 640 4,257 4,946 2,265 1,697 29 1,314 11,567 (988) (4,986) 6,936 20,101 1,528 0 3,378 413 3,791 8,174 1,997 1,575 29 1,201 9,184 (768) (3,023) 6,623 22,160 1,564 Source Company 10(K) and 10(Q) filings. aData for 36 weeks ended September 2, 2000. 13 801-458 PepsiCos Bid for Quaker Oats (A) Exhibit 3 PepsiCo Financial Statements Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows ($ millions) 9/2/00a 1999 1998 1997 1996Cash Flows from operate Activities Net income from continuing operations Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities Gain on bottling transactions Bottling equity income, net Depreciation and amortization Noncash portion of 1998 income tax benefit Noncash portion of restructuring ch arges Deferred income taxes Other noncash charges and credits, net Net change in operating working capital Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities Cash Flows from Investing Activities Capital spending Investments in unconsolidated affiliates Sales of businesses Sales of property, plant and equipment Short-term investments, by original maturity More than three months purchases More than three months maturities Three months or less, net Other, net Net Cash Used for Investing Activities Cash Flows from Financing Activities Proceeds from issuances of long-term debt Payments of long-term debt Short-term borrowings, by original maturity More than three months proceeds More than three months payments Three months or less, net Cash dividends paid Share repurchases Proceeds from exercises of stock options Other, net Net Cash Used for Financing Activities Net cash from discontinued operations Effect of Exchange Rate revisions Net (Decr. )/Incr. in Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and Cas h Equivalents Beginning of year Cash and Cash Equivalents End of period Source Company 10(K) and 10(Q) filings. aData represents 36 weeks ended September 2, 2000. 1,572 2,050 1,993 1,491 942 0 (135) 642 0 0 138 191 (295) 2,113 (1,000) (83) 1,032 0 37 529 364 98 3,027 0 0 1,234 (259) 254 150 237 (398) 3,211 0 0 1,106 0 233 51 342 196 3,419 0 0 1,073 0 366 160 505 146 3,192 (574) (66) 0 0 (582) 577 0 (137) (782) (1,118) (430) 499 126 (2,025) 2,008 12 (144) (1,072) 1,405) (4,537) 17 134 (525) 584 839 (126) (5,019) (1,506) (119) 221 80 (92) 177 (735) (96) (2,070) (1,630) (75) 43 9 (115) 192 736 (214) (1,054) 108 (716) 103 (32) 375 (594) (1,238) 408 0 (1,586) 0 (4) (259) 964 705 3,480 (1,123) 3,691 (2,741) (2,856) (778) (1,285) 308 0 (1,304) 0 2 653 311 964 990 (2,277) 2,713 (417) 1,753 (757) (2,230) 415 0 190 0 1 (1,617) 1,928 311 0 (1,875) 146 (177) (1,269) (736) (2,459) 403 5 (5,962) 6,236 (2) 1,621 307 1,928 1,772 (1,432) 740 (1,873) 89 (675) (1,651) 323 (9) (2,716) 605 (5) 22 285 307 14 801-458 -15- Exhibit 4 PepsiCo Stock Price History PEP Historical Price Performance, October 31, 1997-October 4, 2000 Oct 4 Last close $45. 125 50 45 40 35 30Mar 8 52 week low of $30. 50 25 Jul-98 Jul-99 Jan-98 Apr-98 Jun-98 Oct-98 Jan-99 Apr-99 Jun-99 Oct-99 Jan-00 Feb-00 Apr-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Nov-97 Dec-97 Feb-98 Mar-98 Feb-99 Mar-99 Mar-00 Aug-00 Aug-99 Sep-99 Nov-99 May-99 Dec-99 May-00 Aug-98 Nov-98 May-98 Source prepared by casewriter based on CRSP data. Sep-98 Dec-98 Sep-00 Oct-00 20 801-458 PepsiCos Bid for Quaker Oats (A) Exhibit 5 Quaker Financial Statements Consolidated Statement of Income ($ millions, except per share data) 9/30/00* Net sales Cost of goods sold Gross Profit SG&A Impairment and restructuring (gain) or charge Interest expense Interest income Foreign exchange loss, net Income before taxesProvision (benefit) for income taxes Net income Preferred dividends, net Net income available for common Net income per share of common stock, $ 4,045 1,805 2,240 1, 551 172 40 1999 4,725 2,137 2,588 1,904 (2) 62 (12) 18 618 163 455 4 451 3. 36 1998 4,843 2,374 2,468 1,873 129 70 (11) 12 397 112 285 5 280 2. 04 1997 5,016 2,565 2,451 1,939 1,486 86 (7) 11 (1,064) (133) (931) 4 (934) (6. 80) 1996 5,199 2,808 2,392 1,981 (113) 107 (7) 9 416 168 248 4 244 1. 80 477 165 312 3 309 2. 34 Source Company 10(K) and 10(Q) filings. aData for nine months ended September 30, 2000. 16 PepsiCos Bid for Quaker Oats (A) 801-458 Exhibit 6 Quaker Financial Statements Consolidated Balance Sheet ($ millions)Assets Cash and cash equivalents Short-term investments, at cost Accounts and notes receivable, net Inventories Other current assets Total current assets Property, plant and equipment Accumulated depreciation Net PP Intangible assets, net Other assets Total assets Liabilities and Shareholders Equity Short-term borrowings Accounts payable Other current liabilities Total current liabilities Long-term debt Other liabilities Deferred income taxes Preferred stock Defe rred compensation Tresury preferred stock Total preferred stock, net joint stock Capital in excess of par value Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive loss Deferred compensation Less Repurchased common shares, at cost Total shareholders equity Total liabilities and shareholders equity Average shares outstanding, millions /30/00* 111 126 391 287 234 1,149 1,872 (797) 1,075 231 57 288 2,512 89 258 648 995 672 510 0 100 (27) (47) 25 840 126 1,051 (108) (22) (1,578) 310 2,512 132 1999 283 0 254 266 193 997 1,852 (745) 1,107 237 56 293 2,396 155 214 570 938 715 523 0 100 (39) (39) 22 840 101 855 (95) (46) (1,457) 197 2,396 134 1998 327 28 283 261 216 1,115 1,819 (749) 1,070 246 79 325 2,510 137 168 704 1,009 795 533 0 100 (48) (30) 22 840 79 556 (80) (68) (1,176) 151 2,510 137 1997 84 0 306 256 487 1,133 1,913 (748) 1,165 351 49 400 2,697 169 191 586 946 888 579 36 100 (57) (22) 21 840 29 431 (82) (91) (899) 228 2,697 137 1996 111 0 295 275 209 890 1,943 (743) 1,200 2,237 69 2,306 4,394 568 210 576 1,355 994 559 238 100 (65) (16) 19 840 0 1,521 (68) (103) (960) 1,230 4,394 135 Source Company 10(K) and 10(Q) filings. Data for nine months ended September 30, 2000. 17 801-458 PepsiCos Bid for Quaker Oats (A) Exhibit 7 Quaker Financial Statements Consolidated Statement of Cash flows ($ millions) 9/30/00* 1999 455 124 14 (5) 4 0 13 (38) 32 31 631 (222) 14 (185) 219 14 0 (160) (156) 34 1 (96) 83 (373) (9) (516) 2 (44) 327 283 1998 285 133 (31) (27) 90 38 12 (41) 32 23 514 (205) 266 (166) 143 8 240 287 (160) (17) 2 (109) 112 (377) (8) (557) (1) 242 84 327 1997 (931) 161 (12) 1,151 66 40 42 (91) 20 43 490 (216) 300 0 0 0 0 84 (159) (453) 8 (54) 121 (50) (6) (593) (7) (26) 111 84 1996 248 201 14 (82) 23 0 29 (70) 22 27 410 (243) 174 0 0 0 0 (68) (157) (125) 2 (78) 31 0 (6) (331) 6 17 93 111Cash Flows from Operating Activities Net income from continuing operations Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities Depreciation and am ortization Deferred income taxes (Gains) losses on divestitures, net Restructuring charges** Asset impairment losses Loss on disposition of property and equipment Net change in operating working capital Change in deferred compensation Other items Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities Cash Flows from Investing Activities Additions to property, plant and equipment Business divestitures, net of tax Purchase of salable securities Proceeds from sale of marketable securities Proceeds from sale of PP Capial gains tax recovery Net Cash Used for Investing Activities Cash Flows from Financing Activities Cash dividends paid Change in short-term debt Proceeds from issuances of long-term debt Reduction of long-term debt Issuance of common treasury stock Repurchases of common stock Repurchases of preferred stock Net Cash Used for Financing Activities Effect of Exchange Rate Changes Net (Decr. )/Incr. in Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and Cash Equivalents Beginning of year Cash and Cash Equi valents End of period 312 99 4 0 177 0 2 (132) 35 15 512 (199) 0 (354) 232 5 0 (316) (115) (25) 1 (84) 105 (236) (9) (364) (4) (172) 283 111 Source Company 10(K) and 10(Q) filings. a Data for nine months ended September 30, 2000. bThe 2000 number represents the sum of restructuring charges, asset impairments and losses (gains) on divestiture. 18 801-458 -19- Exhibit 8 Quaker Oats Operating Segment Information (dollars in millions, except per share data) bYear Ended December 31 1999 Net Sales a 1998 1997 Operating Income (Loss) 1999 1998 1997 $2,359. 5 308. 4 215. 4 2,883. 3 1,502. 3 229. 1 103. 8 1,835. 2 4,718. 5 6. 7 $4,725. 2 $2,274. 1 372. 9 202. 9 2,849. 9 $399. 8 26. 2 21. 1 447. 1 253. 9 16. 5 (7. 3) 263. 1 710. 2 -$710. 2 $2,287. 8 371. 4 205. 7 2,864. 9 1,183. 3 232. 2 103. 0 1,518. 5 4,383. 4 632. 3 $5,015. 7 $369. 8 28. 2 (1. 2) 396. 8 214. 9 25. 6 (7. 4) 233. 1 629. 9 (2. 4) $627. 5 $390. 3 34. 0 (9. 9) 414. 4 182. 7 19. 3 (15. 0) 187. 0 601. 4 (34. 6) $566. 8 1,338. 2 267. 7 103. 1 1,709. 0 4,558. 9 283. 6 $4,842. 5 Foods U. S. and Canadian Latin American Other c Total Foods Beverages U. S. nd Canadian Latin American Other c Total Beverages Total Ongoing Businesses Total Divested Businesses d Total Sales/Operating Income Less (Gains) losses on divestitures, restructuring charges, asset impairments and othernet e (2. 3) 25. 9 50. 2 18. 1 618. 3 163. 3 $455. 0 $3. 36 $3. 23 128. 5 31. 9 58. 9 11. 6 396. 6 112. 1 $284. 5 $2. 04 $1. 97 1,491. 1 50. 1 79. 1 10. 8 (1,064. 3) (133. 4) ($930. 9) ($6. 80) ($6. 80) General corporate expenses Interest expensenet Foreign exchange lossnet Income (Loss) before income taxes Provision (Benefit) for income taxes f Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share Net income (loss)e Net income (loss) reduce 801-458 -20- Exhibit 8 (continued) (dollars in millions) Year Ended December 31 1999 Identifiable Assets 1998 1997 1999Capital Expenditures Net of Depreciation 1998 1997 Foods U. S. and Canadian Latin American Other c Total F oods Beverages U. S. and Canadian Latin American Other c Total Beverages Total Ongoing Businesses Total Divested Businesses g Total Operating Segments Corporateh Total Consolidated $1,124. 6 174. 0 110. 1 1,408. 7 522. 7 105. 4 79. 6 707. 7 2,116. 4 0. 0 2,116. 4 279. 8 $2,396. 2 464. 2 94. 6 109. 5 668. 3 2,115. 1 37. 5 2,152. 6 357. 7 $2,510. 3 364. 5 81. 9 98. 2 544. 6 1,845. 4 335. 9 2,181. 3 515. 7 $2,697. 0 69. 8 20. 4 1. 7 91. 9 99. 5 0. 0 99. 5 (0. 9) $98. 6 $1,187. 0 167. 7 92. 1 1,446. 8 $1,056. 9 122. 4 121. 5 1,300. 8 $3. 7 3. 7 0. 2 7. 6 $37. 5 6. 5 (0. ) 43. 4 26. 1 6. 3 0. 8 33. 2 76. 6 (3. 5) 73. 1 (0. 9) $72. 2 $7. 2 9. 7 12. 3 29. 2 26. 4 (0. 9) 20. 0 45. 5 74. 7 (18. 7) 56. 0 (1. 7) $54. 3 Source Company financial statements and casewriter calculations. aIntersegment sales are not material. bOperating results exclude restructuring and asset impairment charges, gains and losses on divestitures and certain other expenses not allocated to operating segments such as income taxes, general corporate expenses and financing costs. cOther includes European and Asia/Pacific businesses. d1999 includes net sales and operating results (through the divestiture date) for the Brazilian pasta business. 998 includes net sales and operating results (through the divestiture date) for the Ardmore Farms, Continental Coffee, Nile Spice and Liqui-Dri businesses and the business divested in 1999. 1997 includes net sales and operating results (through the divestiture date) for the Snapple beverages and certain food service businesses and the businesses divested in 1999 and 1998. e1999 includes pretax restructuring charges of $12. 7 million, or $0. 06 per share, a pretax divestiture gain of $5. 1 million, or $0. 03 per share, and pretax adjustments of $9. 9 million, or $0. 04 per share, to reduce prior restructuring and divestiture reserves. 1998 includes pretax restructuring charges of $89. 7 million, or $0. 8 per share, pretax asset impairment losses of $38. 1 mill ion, or $0. 18 per share, and a combined pretax divestiture loss of $0. 7 million, or a gain of $0. 20 per share, due to certain tax benefits. 1997 includes pretax restructuring charges of $65. 9 million, or $0. 27 per share, a pretax net charge of $4. 8 million, or $0. 02 per share, for an asset impairment loss partly offset by a cash litigation settlement, and a combined pretax loss of $1. 42 billion, or $8. 41 per share, for business divestitures. f1999 includes reductions in the provision for income taxes of $59. 3 million, or $0. 44 per share, related to previously recorded tax accruals and tax assets. Includes the following Divested Businesses in 1999, the Brazilian pasta business in 1998 Ardmore Farms, Continental Coffee, Nile Spice, Liqui-Dri and the business divested in 1999 in 1997, Snapple, certain food service businesses and the businesses divested in 1999 and 1998. hIncludes corporate cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and miscellaneous receivables and in vestments. PepsiCos Bid for Quaker Oats (A) 801-458 Exhibit 9 Quaker Oats Company Operations Summary 1994-1999 Annual Sales (dollars in millions) 1994 U. S. and Canadian Gatorade a International Gatorade Total Beverages U. S. Hot Cereals U. S. Ready-to-Eat Cereals Golden Grain Grain-based Snacks Other U. S. nd Canadian Foods Latin American Foods European and Asian Foods Total Foods Total Sales $908 269 1,177 416 679 334 275 483 301 233 2,721 $3,898 1995 $1,040 308 1,348 402 665 324 298 505 319 210 2,723 $4,071 1996 $1,095 283 1,378 440 626 316 285 518 345 207 2,737 $4,115 1997 $1,183 335 1,518 462 693 343 269 521 371 208 2,867 $4,385 1998 $1,338 371 1,709 431 712 341 291 500 373 203 2,851 $4,560 1999 $1,502 333 1,835 485 725 344 305 501 308 215 2,883 $4,718 CAGR 10. 6% 4. 4% 9. 3% 3. 1% 1. 3% 0. 6% 2. 1% 0. 7% 0. 5% -1. 6% 1. 2% 3. 9% distribution of Annual Sales (%) 1994 U. S. and Canadian Gatorade a International Gatorade Total Beverages U. S. Hot Cereals U. S. Ready-to-Eat Cerea ls Golden Grain Grain-based Snacks Other U. S. nd Canadian Foods Latin American Foods European and Asian Foods Total Foods Total Sales 23% 7% 30% 11% 17% 9% 7% 12% 8% 6% 70% 100% 1995 26% 8% 33% 10% 16% 8% 7% 12% 8% 5% 67% 100% 1996 27% 7% 33% 11% 15% 8% 7% 13% 8% 5% 67% 100% 1997 27% 8% 35% 11% 16% 8% 6% 12% 8% 5% 65% 100% 1998 29% 8% 37% 9% 16% 7% 6% 11% 8% 4% 63% 100% 1999 32% 7% 39% 10% 15% 7% 6% 11% 7% 5% 61% 100% Source Company financial statements. aIncludes Europe, Asia-Pacific and Latin America. 21 801-458 -22- Exhibit 10 Quaker Oats Stock Price History OAT Historical Price Performance, October 31, 1997-October 4, 2000 90 Oct 4 Last close $76. 0625 80 70 60 50 40 Mar 14 52 week low of $45. 9375 Jul-98 Jul-99 Jan-98 Apr-98 Jun-98 Oct-98 Jan-99 Apr-99 Jun-99 Oct-99 Jan-00Apr-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Feb-98 Mar-98 Feb-99 Mar-99 Feb-00 Nov-97 Dec-97 Aug-98 Sep-98 Nov-98 Dec-98 Aug-99 Sep-99 Nov-99 Dec-99 Mar-00 Aug-00 May-99 May-00 Source Prepared by casewriter based on CRSP data. May- 98 Sep-00 Oct-00 30 PepsiCos Bid for Quaker Oats (A) 801-458 Exhibit 11 PepsiCo PepsiCo and Quaker Oats Selected Ratios 1996-2000 36 Wks. 00 39% 44% 16% 16% 32% a 1999 40% 45% 14% 15% 44% -2% 26% 40% 64% 53% 12% 30% 1998 42% 44% 12% 17% 12% 0% 33% 49% 82% 35% 12% 31% 1997 41% 44% 13% 16% 35% -4% 30% 36% 62% 54% 13% 21% 1996 42% 45% 10% COGS/Sales SGA/Sales Operating Profit/Sales New Pepsi Operating Profit/New Pepsi Sales Tax Rate NWC (excl.Cash ST Inv and ST Debt)/Sales a Net PPE/Sales a Net II/Sales a Invested Capital/Sales Shareholders Equity/Invested Capital Return on Invested Capital d Return on Equity c 40% -2% 30% 38% 66% 50% 9% 14% -1% 26% 40% 66% 52% 17% 23% Quaker Oats, Inc. COGS/Sales SGA/Sales b Operating Profit/Sales Tax Rate NWC (excl. Cash ST Inv and ST Debt)/Sales a Net PPE/Sales a Net II/Sales a Invested Capital/Sales Shareholders Equity/Invested Capital Return on Invested Capital d Return on Equity c a 9 Mos. 00 45% 38% 13% 35% 0% 20% 5% 25% 23% 33% 100% 1999 45% 40 % 15% 26% -2% 23% 6% 28% 15% 38% 229% 1998 49% 39% 10% 28% -2% 22% 7% 26% 12% 26% 185% 1997 51% 39% -19% 13% 5% 23% 8% 37% 12% -46% -410% 1996 54% 38% 10% 40% 0% 23% 44% 67% 35% 9% 20% Source Company financial statements. aAnnualized. Quaker Operating Profit = Gross Profit SG Impairment, consistent with PepsiCos definition. cReturn on Invested Capital = Operating Profit * (1 Tax Rate)/Invested Capital. dReturn on Equity = Net Income from Continuing Operations/Shareholders Equity. 23 801-458 -24- Exhibit 12 Quaker Oats Comparable Food and Beverage Companies Source Company Annual Reports, vacuums Online Business Network. aSara Lee financial information includes RYA/Monarch, the sale of which is scheduled to close in second quarter of fiscal 2001. bH. J. Heinz EBIT includes $464. 6 million gain on the sale of Weight Watchers. Hershey EBIT includes $243. 8 million gain on the sale of U. S. pasta business. Kellogg EBIT incorporates $244. million in restructuring charges and equipment write-offs. PepsiCo EBIT includes $1,000,000 gain on bottling transactions. cAverage diluted shares outstanding, in millions of per-share calculations, including stock options, ESOP and non-vested awards. dCommon Stock price data for 52 weeks prior to October 4, 2000, includes Danone ADRs traded at NYSE. eP/E calculated as Closing Common Stock price divided by EPS for the last full fiscal year. fMarket Capitalization calculated as the Closing Common Stock price times the average diluted shares outstanding. Using last-available diluted shares outstanding would not change the calculation significantly. PepsiCos Bid for Quaker Oats (A) 801-458 Exhibit 13

Virtue in Several Dialogues

Plato presents Socrates emplacements on the call into question whether sexual morality stinker be taught in some(prenominal) dialogues, most nonably in Protagoras and Meno. In Meno Menon puts the question to Socrates this way Can you tell me, Socrates evoke sexual morality be taught? Or if not, does it come by release? Or does it come neither by practice nor by principle, but do people get it by nature, or in some otherwise way? 35. Socrates claims to not know the least little thing about virtue and unable to speak as to its qualities.Moreover, he claims to know no superstar that does. 29. There follows a discussion as to whether Gorgias, the Sophist, might not be such a person. Both Socrates and Menon know Gorgias teaching. Menon obviously has a higher picture of Gorgias teaching than does Socrates. It is agreed, upon Socrates suggestion, that the discourse should proceed to explore what Menon, not Gorgias, knows about virtue. And so Socrates, puts the question to Meno n What do you say virtue is? 29Menon finds zilch difficult in the question and attempts, forthwith, to answer it. But thither are complications with the answer, for Menon has suggested that men, slaves, children, women all demonstrate a different kind of virtue, and concludes that there is a virtue for doing each sort of work associated with being a slave, a child, a woman, a free man. Menons idea of virtue is what we would call role specific.Socrates attempts to show that Menons initial answer misses the point because it does not show what is common to the virtues of these various actors. If the virtue of men and women, free men and slaves, does not share something in common then it cannot be said to be the same thing and single would necessarily call the nonpareil virtue, and the other something else. As Socrates puts it, Even if there are many different kinds of them virtues, they all take genius something, the same in all, which makes them virtues. 30. Menon accepts Socrate s criticism and argues that it is indeed one thing of which he speaks.In order to determine what the common quality of virtue is, Socrates observes that Menon has associated virtue with the ability to manage public personal business well. Socrates now sets out to question Menon on whether virtue would be present in the management of public affairs in the absence of temperance and dependableice and Menon readily agrees that it would not.Socrates has already disclaimed any personal knowledge of virtue and he has steered Menon away from a discussion of Gorgias view of virtue. But when Menon fails to provide a persuasive account of his conception of virtue, Socrates poses a question with substantive content. Socrates may know nothing about virtue, but he knows enough to ask whether virtue can be present without temperance and justice. The question suggest that it is Socrates rather than Menon who knows enough about virtue to keep the conversation going.Socrates interrupts the dialogue to make a brief statement about the conversation he has been having with Menon. He distinguishes the conversation he is having with Menon from those where the questioner is one of those clever fellow, who just chop logic and argue to win. Questions such as the one that Socrates and Menon are discussing whether virtue can be taught? are best left, says Socrates, to friends who wish to talk together. In such a relationship argues Socrates, I must answer more gently and more homogeneous friends talking together and perhaps it is more like friends talking together, not only to answer with truth, but to use only what the one who is questioned admits that he knows. 34Socrates, in rapport with Menon, tries to clear up a come-at-able confusion as to whether it is possible to seek that which is bad. Socrates suggests, as he does in other dialogues, that we all desire good things. Menon has responded to Socrates question by saying that one can desire bad things. Socrates tries to clarif y this point by asking whether one desires that which is bad because of a mistake, that it is assumed to be bad.But Menon does not split up on the point and contends that one desires the bad both as a result of a misplaced assumption as to its value and we can also desire the bad even when it is known to be bad. But upon further questions, Menon agrees with Socrates that no one seeks to inflict injury and bereavement upon himself, and it is injury and misery that are the results of that which is bad. Socrates summary of their agreement goes like this Then it is plain that those who desire bad things are those who dont know what they are, but they desire what they thought were good whereas they rightfully are bad. . . . 37Menon has mentioned in passing that virtue consists of the desire of good things and to provide the good. Menon admits that one good thing it is possible to desire is to possess gold and ash grey and public honour and appointments. 38. Socrates inquires now whet her the virtue of possession of gold and silver must be qualified so that its possession is fair and just. Menon agrees that it is not a virtue to make water such possessions if they have been unjustly acquired. On the contrary it would be a vice. It is necessary, Socrates says, to add to this getting, justice or temperance or faith or some other bit of virtue, or else it will not be virtue, although it provides good things. 39Socrates rebuffs Menon for trying to talk about virtue by look at it piece by piece and drawing into the discussion a sense of virtue that he has not yet presented. Menon agrees that it is a problem and comments on his reaction to what has gone onWell now, my dear Socrates, you are just like what I always heard before I met you always bewilder yourself and puzzling everybody else. And now you seem to me to be a regular wizard, you dose me with drugs and bewitch me with charms and spells, and drown me in puzzledom. Ill tell you just what you are like, if yo u will grant a little jest your looks and the rest of you are exactly like a flatfish and you sting like this stingrayonly go near and touch one of those fish and you go numb, and that is the sort of thing you seem to have done to me. 40Socrates response to Menons description of his puzzlement is that he himself is not clear-headed when he puzzles others, and that he is as puzzled as puzzled can be, and thus I make others puzzled too. 41. And where can the conversation go from here? Socrates says, that he wishes to investigate virtue with Menons help so that we may both try to find out what it is. 41Socrates argues that there is no such thing as teaching, only remembering. This notion of teaching comes out of Socrates belief in the immortality of the soul. The soul dies but is reborn and thus never destroyed. (This is given by Socrates as a reason for why we must live our lives as much as we can in holiness. . . .) Then, since the soul is immortal and often born, having seen what i s on earth and what is in the house of Hades, and everything, there is nothing it has not learnt so there is no wonder it can remember about virtue and other things, because it knew about these before. For since all nature is akin, and the soul has learnt everything, there is nothing to hinder a man, remembering one thing onlywhich men call learningfrom himself finding out all else, if he is hold up and does not weary in seeking for seeking and learning is all remembrance. 42After questioning the slave boy about geometry Socrates seeks Menons concurrence in the propose that the boy, shown to have been in error about geometry, is better off now, that he too is numbed but has knowledge about the limits of what he knows. By being numbed by the sting of Socrates conversation the slave has come a step onwards, as it seems, to find out how he stands. 29. Menon answers yes, when Socrates asked Then do you think he would have tried to find out or to learn what he thought he knew, not know ing, until he tumbled into difficulty by thinking he did not know, and longed to know? Menon agrees, that he does not think he would and thus gains from being numbed.Menon takes up again his original question, whether virtue can be taught, or one gets it by nature or in some other way. Socrates agrees to proceed but contends that they need a common ground as neither of them can say at this point what virtue is. Socrates has Menon agree that if virtue is knowledge then it can be taught, and if not a knowledge then it cannot be taught. (Conclusion All that is taught call be called knowledge.)

Ethical and Legal Dilemmas of Surrogacy

Many individuals hurl a life plan consisting of college, marriage, and accordingly baby birdren. After numerous methods of conception, many couples are still unable to conceive a claw. A char who enters into a contract with a couple, agreeing to carry and stick out a tike, then hand that child over to the contracted couple, who is much unable to conceive own their own naturally is considered surrogacy (Pozgar, 2012). Surrogacy raises many ethical and jural issues for all parties involved. Is it moral or immoral to enter into an agreement with a fair sex to affinity a child for money?What are the effectual rights of the woman conceiving or of the couple? Should the child be aware of the mathematical process in which he or she was born? Does the child have rights to access the confidential records of the process? These are a just a few questions that will be address throughout this paper. Discussed below is the history of surrogacy, the ethical and legal dilemmas that su rround surrogacy, option solutions to surrogacy, and the potential effects and future implications of how surrogacy may be addressed. There are two types of surrogacy arrangements to consider. These types of surrogacy are genetic and gestational.Genetic or traditional surrogacy is where the surrogate niggle contributes her genetic presentup to the offspring, whereas gestational surrogacy consists of the genetic makeup of the intended parents (Greene, 2013). Of the two, gestational surrogacy accounts for 95% of the surrogate pregnancies in the unite States of America (Covington & Patrizio, 2013, p. 277). One of the first accounts of surrogacy dates guts to the story of Abraham and Sarah in the Bible. Sarah, who was well beyond child-bearing years and having being barren of child-bearing years sought to have a child.Abraham had inter fertilise with Hagar, a handmaid and gave birth to Ishmael, which she then gave to Abraham and Sarah to raise (King James Bible, Genesis 2512). Whil e surrogacy continued throughout history, it became more prevalent in the last half century or so. Altruistic surrogacy is when a friend or family member is the surrogate without being paid however, the most common is commercial recruitment of women who are paid to be a surrogate (Covington & Patrizio, 2013, p. 277). Noel Keane was a broker who made the first commercial surrogacy agreement in the case of Baby M (Cassidy, 2012).The details of this first legal case began raising ethical dilemmas with surrogacy. The application of autonomy and distributive justice are at work with surrogacy. Autonomy is the acknowledgment of a persons right to make their own decisions and distributive justice is equal and fair transactment to all (Pozgar, 2012). Principle number four in The Medical Code of Ethics alleges requires detect for the patients right (American Medical Association, 2001). In surrogacy issues, whose rights should be placed first? The surrogate who is carrying the child?Should the emotional ties that she can accumulate over the course of ten months be placed first or the rights of the adopting parents? Is in that location a feasible outcome for justice to be distributed among all the parties involved? In attempting to narrow down ethical decisions, Jones writes that An ethical decision is a decision that is both legally and morally acceptable to the larger community. (Jones, 1991, p. 387). Thus, Jones explains that decisions much(prenominal) as surrogacy are often persistent using the perspective of a utilitarian.Utilitarianism is considered a moral theory in which individuals and governmental action should be directed at providing the greatest good for the greatest number of people (Mosser, 2010). One question remains Can an action be placed on the issue that provides good to all? An ethical dilemma placed with surrogacy is dehumanization and exploitation. For people who oppose surrogacy as means of conception, it is learned that women who are liv ing in poverty are exploiting their bodies to profit (in cases of gestational surrogacy) financially (Surrogacy, 2008).On the flipside on the issue, can it not also be viewed that allowing these women to do as they prove fit with their bodies as economic empowerment? The money provided to these women can utilise for various financial means outside of taking care of medical heath care for themselves and the child. The amount provided to each female varies depending on what she and the couple ascertain is sufficient, therefore any extra monetary compensation can used to help the women relieve themselves from other debts.Autonomy does provide the right that women get to pack their reproductive rights and that includes bearing children for those who cannot do so or for monetary stability. Suggesting that surrogacy dehumanizes her is another form of paternalism. Paternalism limits ones autonomy for their own good (Pozgar, 2012). Some view altruistic surrogacy as a form of exploiting the surrogate. There is no monetary compensation to woman placing her health and well-being on the line for anothers benefit. However, it can also be held that the woman knowingly entered into the agreement with full disclosure of the risks and benefits to her health and body.Again, autonomy and justice are extremely prevalent ethical principles to explore when discussing the topic of surrogacy. Same- stir marriage has operate a hot topic in the United States in the last few years. The idea of raising a family by homosexual couples brings about other ethical issues of surrogacy. Should those of same-sex marriages be allowed to have children? How will there relationship affect the child of the couple? A novel article in the American Bar Associations (ABA) journal tells of a same-sex couple whose case is similar to that of the Baby M case (Hansen, 2011).The United States, unlike many other countries have no policies governing surrogacy, as it is a state-by-state policy (Hansen, 2011 ). In places such as India, commercial surrogacy is legal and often seen as a popular place of fertility tourism because the costs are one third of that in the United States (Saxena, Mishra, & Malik, 2012). In some cases, children have been placed in orphanages until paternity has been established or in some instances disowned when a child is conceived naturally by the parents, as with Ishmael from the Bible.Women of poor and ignorant backgrounds stricken by poverty are sometimes coerced by intermediaries or spouses to become surrogates. In such cases, fidelity among the couple has been cast aside. The women may touch that they cannot trust their spouse to stand by them if they do not comply with their paying attentiones. Unlike the United States where psychological screening and legal management is mandatory to be surrogates, in India women are placed in hostels for the duration of their pregnancy by recruitment commercial agencies (Saxena, Mishra, & Malik, 2012).Back to the ca se of Baby M and the same sex couples, who after waiting for their buddle of joy begin having legal issues. It is serious to know that the surrogate has the legal right to keep the child she has bore, regardless of genetics (Human fertilisation & Embryology Authority, 2009). In other words, the birth mother is considered the legal parental unit of the child until such documentation states otherwise. She has the right at anytime to change her mind, therefore it is important to have knowledge and fidelity with your surrogate. Understanding the meaning of how the Surrogacy Arrangements Act 1985 reads is important.If you are having problems comprehending or deciphering parts of the act, speak with a lawyer. It reads, an Act to regulate certain activities in connection with arrangements made with a view to women carrying children as surrogate mothers, (Surrogacy Arrangements Act 1985). As far as legal rights of the father, if the woman did so in a licensed clinic and has no partner, t he child will have no legal father however, the surrogates husband or civil partner is the childs legal father, unless it is shown that the partner did not consent to the purpose (Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority, 2009).The intended parents have a course to follow concerning rights as well. If they wish to become the legal parents of the child, they can adopt or file for a paternal order. Provided certain conditions are met, the rights and parentage are transferred with the order, this must be done in spite of appearance six months of the childs birth and at least one individual of the commissioning couple needs a genetic link for a paternal order (Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority, 2009).If there is no genetic relationship with the child in question, adoption is the only legal route. In this case, an adoption function will get involved, so it is important to know the legal aspects of surrogacy. An article in the British Medical Journal argues that the only way to resolve such issues of legality is through legislations and regulations of international laws (Ramskold & Posner, 2012).The ethical responsibilities for physicians of surrogates can been seen as advising couples who are considering surrogacy, counseling women who may wish to become surrogates, providing obstetrics to women engaged in surrogacy, or offering assisted reproductive technologies (ART) related to surrogacy (Committee on Ethics, 2008). Physicians should not treat the intended parents of a surrogate child while also treating the surrogate mother, as conflicts may arise and not all parties may be treated fairly and the physician should.As in all other aspects of medical care, physicians should be certain that there would be a full discussion of ethical and legal issues as well as medical risks, benefits, and alternatives, many of which have been addressed in this statement (Committee on Ethics, 2008). Physicians may decline to participate in surrogacy arrangement, as wit h any other treatment of a patient because of personal, ethical, medical, or phantasmal views as per the AMA Code of Medical Ethics (AMA, 2001).A physician should apply the same legal and ethical aspects to the surrogate as with the intended couple. This includes screening and counseling the surrogate and intended couple referral for mental health testing for the surrogate to evaluate the possible outcomes and effects, as well as evaluate psychological risks, vulnerabilities and benefits, and the possible effects of existing relationships with existing children (Committee on Ethics, 2008). It is important that confidentiality be maintained between the physician and the patient.The intended parents may only access the pregnant womans medical records if the woman has given explicit consent. This is guaranteed in the Patients Bill of Rights and the Constitution (Right to privacy, n. d. ). This would also address whether or not the child would have any legal right to know his or her bi rth mother without her consent. Two alternatives to surrogacy are natural conception and adoption. When a couple conceives naturally, there is no need for a surrogate. This can be done through sexual intercourse or through in-vitro fertilization.In-vitro fertilization (IVF) is a medical procedure in which mature eggs are obtained from the females ovaries and are fertilized by the males sperm, then the eggs are implanted into the womb (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2013). This option is usually applied due to infertility. Adoption, as an alternative to surrogacy can also be very beneficial to involved parties. Children without parents, due to unforeseen parcel are provided homes with caring, loving families. A couple adopting may not have genetic links to these children, but loving relationships can emerge and often treat the child as their own.In my personal opinion, I think surrogacy will continue to increase the numbers of childless couples. In such cases where altruism is applied, I think the emotional ties are easier severed because the woman is volunteering her services to a couple she sees in need. I speak of this from somewhat of a personal viewpoint. I have two healthy children and am currently pregnant with my third with no complications during either pregnancy however, my sister has been trying to conceive naturally for to the highest degree 4 years now and has had no luck.I would gladly consider being a surrogate for her should she ever ask. I know from her interactions with my own kids that she would be a great mother to a child. I do not know her medical history or what medical advice she has sought regarding her problem, but I know that I could help a family member in need and not want monetary compensation for doing so. However, I will acknowledge that this is not the best road for all women. The emotional involvement may make it hard to part with the child after carrying it for nine months.I would only press this to a woman who has decided that she no longer wants to have children or does not wish to raise any more children of her own. I also see gestational surrogacy still being the most common between the two types of surrogacy because of the emotional detachment. I think that some people feel that not having a genetic link to a child makes it easier to part with after birth. I feel that some women need to be able to look at their child and see similarities in physical features to know that they are part of a child. Gestational surrogacy requires no genetics from the surrogate, only from the intended parents.Considering both types of surrogacy and the current state of how the legal issues around the topic are addressed, I think improvements need to be made. From research, the surrogate has more legal rights than anyone. This provides a very limited windowpane for the intended couple who has long awaited a child. Legislations need to be enacted that provide more rights to intended parents of the child, especially during a gesta tional surrogacy. I do not think that it should be legal and find it unethical that a surrogate still has legal rights to a child with no genetic link.I find hope in the future that additional regulations in how surrogacy is handled will be sought. While surrogacy has been around since Biblical times, it has made a splash as headline news in the last half century. The legal and ethical dilemmas surrounding the topic derive from the rights of the surrogate, the intended couple, and for the children that are involved with the procedure and process. The alternatives to surrogacy do not necessarily provide additional benefits and in some instances, do not always apply to those wishing to have a child.While no one can predict the future, surrogacy in my opinion, will continue to flourish among couples not just infertile couples or same-sex couples, but among women who do not wish to go through the process of labor and delivery. Women who live in poverty may continue to see the benefits o f surrogacy for economic gain for themselves and their families. There are so many ethical elements at play with surrogacy that the issue will remain to have legal and ethical complications, now and in the future.